Cell lines expressing cftr and methods of using them

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are cells and cell lines that stably express CFTR and methods for using those cells and cell lines. The invention also includes techniques for creating these cells and cell lines. The cells and cell lines of this invention are physiologically relevant. They are highly sensitive and provide consistent and reliable results in cell-based assays.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 61/149,312, filed Feb. 2, 2009, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Mar. 16, 2010, is named 002298WO.txt and is 40,540 bytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and cells and cell lines stably expressing CFTR. The invention further provides methods of making such cells and cell lines. The CFTR-expressing cells and cell lines provided herein are useful in identifying modulators of CFTR.

BACKGROUND

Cystic fibrosis is the most common genetic disease in the United States, and is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. CFTR is a transmembrane ion channel protein that transports chloride ions and other anions. The chloride channels are present in the apical plasma membranes of epithelial cells in the lung, sweat glands, pancreas, and other tissues. CFTR regulates ion flux and helps control the movement of water in tissues and maintain the fluidity of mucus and other secretions. Chloride transport is induced by an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which activates protein kinase A to phosphorylate the channel on the regulatory “R” domain.

CFTR is a member of the ABC transporter family. It contains two ATP-binding cassettes. ATP binding, hydrolysis and cAMP-dependent phosphorylation are required for channel opening. CFTR is encoded by a single large gene consisting of 24 exons. CFTR ion channel function is associated with a wide range of disorders, including cystic fibrosis, congenital absence of the vas deferens, secretory diarrhea, and emphysema. To date, more than 1000 distinct mutations have been identified in CFTR. The most common CFTR mutation is deletion of phenylalanine at residue 508 (ΔF508) in its amino acid sequence. This mutation is present in approximately 70% of cystic fibrosis patients.

The discovery of new and improved therapeutics that specifically target CFTR has been hampered by the lack of robust, physiologically relevant cell-based systems that are amenable to high-throughput formats for identifying and testing CFTR modulators, particularly high-throughput formats that allow various members of the CFTR family of mutants to be compared. Cell-based systems are preferred for drug discovery and validation because they provide a functional assay for a compound as opposed to cell-free systems, which only provide a binding assay. Moreover, cell-based systems have the advantage of simultaneously testing cytotoxicity. Ideally, cell-based systems should so stably express the target protein. It is also desirable for a cell-based system to be reproducible. The present invention addresses these problems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

We have discovered new and useful cells and cell lines and collections of cell lines that express various forms of CFTR. These cells, cell lines, and collections thereof are useful in cell-based assays, in particular high-throughput assays to study the functions of CFTR and to screen for CFTR modulators.

Accordingly, the invention provides a cell or cell line engineered to stably express CFTR, e.g., a functional CFTR or a mutant (e.g., dysfunctional) CFTR. In some embodiments, the CFTR is expressed in a cell from an introduced nucleic acid encoding it. In some embodiments, the CFTR is expressed in a cell from an endogenous nucleic acid activated by engineered gene activation.

The cells or cell lines of the invention may be eukaryotic cells (e.g., mammalian cells), and optionally do not express CFTR endogenously (or in the case of gene activation, do not express CFTR endogenously prior to gene activation). The cells may be primary or immortalized cells, may be cells of, for example, primate (e.g., human or monkey), rodent (e.g., mouse, rat, or hamster), or insect (e.g., fruit fly) origin. In some embodiments, the cells are capable of forming polarized monolayers. The CFTR expressed in the cells or cell lines of the invention may be mammalian, such as rat, mouse, rabbit, goat, dog, cow, pig, or primate (e.g., human).

In some embodiments, the cells and cell lines of the invention have a Z′ factor of at least 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8 or 0.85 in an assay, for example, a high throughput cell-based assay. In some embodiments, the cells or cell lines of the invention are maintained in the absence of selective pressure, e.g., antibiotics. In some embodiments, the CFTR expressed by the cells or cell lines does not comprise any polypeptide tag. In some embodiments, the cells or cell lines do not express any other introduced protein, including auto-fluorescent proteins (e.g., yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) or variants thereof).

In some embodiments, the cells or cell lines of the invention stably express CFTR at a consistent level in the absence of selective pressure for at least 15 days, 30 days, 45 days, 60 days, 75 days, 100 days, 120 days, or 150 days.

In another aspect of the invention, the cells or cell lines express a human CFTR. The CFTR may be a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2; a polypeptide at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2; a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid that hybridizes to SEQ ID NO: 1 under stringent conditions; or a polypeptide that is an allelic variant of SEQ ID NO: 2. The CFTR may also be encoded by a nucleic acid having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1; a nucleic acid that hybridizes to SEQ ID NO: 1 under stringent conditions; a nucleic acid that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2; a nucleic acid with at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; or a nucleic acid that is an allelic variant of SEQ ID NO: 1. The CFTR may be a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 or a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4.

In another aspect, the invention provides a collection of the cells or cells lines that express different forms (i.e., mutant forms) of CFTR. In some embodiments, the cells or cell lines in the collection comprise at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, or at least 20 different cells or cell lines, each expressing at least a different form (i.e., mutant thrill) of CFTR. In some embodiments, the cells or cell lines in the collection are matched to share physiological properties (e.g., cell type, metabolism, cell passage (age), growth rate, adherence to a tissue culture surface, Z′ factor, expression level of CFTR) to allow parallel processing and accurate assay readouts. These can be achieved by generating and growing the cells and cell lines under identical conditions, achievable by, e.g., automation. In some embodiments, the Z′ factor is determined in the absence of a protein trafficking corrector. A protein trafficking corrector is a substance that aids maturation of improperly folded CFTR mutant by directly or indirectly interacting with the mutant CFTR at its transmembrane level and facilitates the mutant CFTR to reach the cell membrane.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for producing the cells or cell lines of the invention, comprising the steps of: (a) introducing a vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding CFTR (e.g., human CFTR) into a host cell; or introducing one or more nucleic acid sequences that activate expression of endogenous CFTR (e.g., human CFTR); (b) introducing a molecular beacon or fluorogenic probe that detects the expression of CFTR into the host cell produced in step (a); and (c) isolating a cell that expresses CFTR. In some embodiments, the method comprises the additional step of generating a cell line from the cell isolated in step (c). The host cells may be eukaryotic cells such as mammalian cells, and may optionally do not express CFTR endogenously.

In some embodiments, the method of producing cells and cell lines of the invention utilizes a fluorescence activated cell sorter to isolate a cell that expresses CFTR. In some embodiments, the cell or cell lines of the collection are produced in parallel.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for identifying a modulator of a CFTR function, comprising the steps of exposing a cell or cell line of the invention or a collection of the cell lines to a test compound; and detecting in a cell a change in a CFTR function, wherein a change indicates that the test compound is a CFTR modulator. In some embodiments, the detecting step can be a membrane potential assay, a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) quench assay, an electrophysiology assay, a binding assay, or an Ussing chamber assay. In some embodiments, the assay in the detecting step is performed in the absence of a protein trafficking corrector. Test compounds used in the method may include a small molecule, a chemical moiety, a polypeptide, or an antibody. In other embodiments, the test compound may be a library of compounds. The library may be a small molecule library, a combinatorial library, a peptide library, or an antibody library.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a cell engineered to stably express CFTR at a consistent level over time. The cell may be made by a method comprising the steps of: a) providing a plurality of cells that express mRNA(s) encoding the CFTR; b) dispersing the cells individually into individual culture vessels, thereby providing a plurality of separate cell cultures; c) culturing the cells under a set of desired culture conditions using automated cell culture methods characterized in that the conditions are substantially identical for each of the separate cell cultures, during which culturing the number of cells per separate cell culture is normalized, and wherein the separate cultures are passaged on the same schedule; d) assaying the separate cell cultures to measure expression of the CFTR at least twice; and e) identifying a separate cell culture that expresses the CFTR at a consistent level in both assays, thereby obtaining said cell.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for isolating a cell that endogenously expresses CFTR, comprising the steps of: a) providing a population of cells; b) introducing into the cells a molecular beacon that detects expression of CFTR; and c) isolating cells that express CFTR. In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises cells that do not endogenously express CFTR. In some embodiments, the isolated cells that express CFTR prior to said isolating are not known to express CFTR. In some embodiments, the method further comprises, prior to said isolating step c), the step of increasing genetic variability.

In another aspect, the invention provides a use of a composition comprising a compound of the formula:

N-{2-[(2-methoxyphenyl)amino]-4′-methyl-4,5′-bi-1,3-thiazol-2′-yl}benzamide hydrobromide

to increase the expression level of a CFTR on the cell plasma membrane.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A and 1B show that stable CFTR-expressing cell lines produced exhibit significantly enhanced and robust CFTR surface expression. Ion-flux in response to activated CFTR expression was measured by a high-throughput compatible fluorescence membrane potential assay. FIG. 1A compares stable CFTR-expressing cell line 1 to transiently CFTR-transfected cells and control cells lacking CFTR. FIG. 1B compares stable CFTR-expressing cell line 1 (from FIG. 1A) to other stable CFTR-expressing clones produced (M11, J5, E15, and O1).

FIG. 2 displays dose response curves from a high-throughput compatible fluorescence membrane potential assay of CFTR. The assay measured the response of produced stable CFTR-expressing cell lines to forskolin, an agonist of CFTR. The EC₅₀ value for forskolin in the tested cell lines as 256 nM. A Z′ value of at least 0.82 was obtained for the high-throughput compatible fluorescence membrane potential assay.

FIGS. 3A-3F show that stable CFTR-ΔF508 expressing CHO cell clones can be identified from non-responding clones from a population of CHO cells. Stable CFTR-ΔF508 expressing clones were able to rescue cell surface expression of CFTR-ΔF508 from entrapment in intracellular compartments, in the presence or absence of a protein trafficking corrector—Chembridge compound #5932794a (San Diego, Calif.). This compound is N-{2-[(2-methoxyphenyl)amino]-4′-methyl-4,5′-bi-1,3-thiazol-2′-yl}benzamide hydrobromide, and has the formula of

Non-responding clones were not able to rescue cell surface expression of CFTR-ΔF508 from entrapment in intracellular compartments, either in the presence or absence of the protein trafficking corrector. Ion-flux in response to activated CFTR-ΔF508 expression was measured by a high-throughput compatible fluorescence membrane potential assay. FIG. 3A shows pharmacological response of a stable CFTR-ΔF508 expressing clone in the presence of a blue membrane potential dye and the protein trafficking corrector (15-25 μM) when challenged either by an agonist cocktail of forskolin (30 μM)+IBMX (100 μM) (black trace) or DMSO+Buffer (grey trace). FIG. 3B shows pharmacological response of a non-responding clone in the presence of a blue membrane potential dye and the protein trafficking corrector (15-25 μM, same as in 3A) when challenged either by an agonist cocktail of forskolin (30 μM)+IBMX (100 μM) (black trace) or DMSO+Buffer (grey trace). FIG. 3C shows pharmacological response of a stable CFTR-ΔF508 expressing clone in the presence of an AnaSpec membrane potential dye and the protein trafficking corrector (15-25 μM, same as in 3A, 3B) when challenged either by an agonist cocktail of forskolin (30 μM)+IBMX (100 μM) (black trace) or DMSO+Buffer (grey trace). FIG. 3D shows pharmacological response of a non-responding clone in the presence of an AnaSpec membrane potential dye and the protein trafficking corrector (15-25 μM, same as in 3A, 3B, 3C) when challenged either by an agonist cocktail of forskolin (30 μM)+IBMX (100 μM) (black trace) or DMSO+Buffer (grey trace). FIG. 3E shows pharmacological response of a stable CFTR-ΔF508 expressing clone in the presence of an AnaSpec membrane potential dye and without the protein trafficking corrector when challenged either by an agonist cocktail of forskolin (30 μM)+IBMX (100 μM) (black trace) or DMSO+Buffer (grey trace). FIG. 3F shows pharmacological response of a non-responding clone in the presence of an AnaSpec membrane potential dye and without the protein trafficking corrector when challenged either by an agonist cocktail of forskolin (30 μM)+IBMX (100 μM) (black trace) or DMSO+Buffer (grey trace).

DETAILED DISCLOSURE

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Exemplary methods and materials are described below, although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All publications and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. Although a number of documents are cited herein, this citation does not constitute an admission that any of these documents forms part of the common general knowledge in the art. Throughout this specification and claims, the word “comprise,” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. Unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

In order that the present invention may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined. Additional definitions are set forth throughout the detailed description.

The term “stable” or “stably expressing” is meant to distinguish the cells and cell lines of the invention from cells with transient expression as the terms “stable expression” and “transient expression” would be understood by a person of skill in the art.

The term “cell line” or “clonal cell line” refers to a population of cells that are all progeny of a single original cell. As used herein, cell lines are maintained in vitro in cell culture and may be frozen in aliquots to establish banks of clonal cells.

The term “stringent conditions” or “stringent hybridization conditions” describe temperature and salt conditions for hybridizing one or more nucleic acid probes to a nucleic acid sample and washing off probes that have not bound specifically to target nucleic acids in the sample. Stringent conditions are known to those skilled in the art and can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. Aqueous and nonaqueous methods are described in that reference and either can be used. An example of stringent hybridization conditions is hybridization in 6×SSC at about 45° C., followed by at least one wash in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 60° C. A further example of stringent hybridization conditions is hybridization in 6×SSC at about 45° C., followed by at least one wash in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. Stringent conditions include hybridization in 0.5M sodium phosphate, 7% SDS at 65° C., followed by at least one wash at 0.2×SSC, 1% SDS at 65° C.

The phrase “percent identical” or “percent identity” in connection with amino acid and/or nucleic acid sequences refers to the similarity between at least two different sequences. This percent identity can be determined by standard alignment algorithms, for example, the Basic Local Alignment Tool (BLAST) described by Altshul et al. ((1990) J. Mol. Biol., 215: 403-410); the algorithm of Needleman et al. ((1970) J. Mol. Biol., 48: 444-453); or the algorithm of Meyers et al. ((1988) Comput. Appl. Biosci., 4: 11-17). A set of parameters may be the Blosum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5. The percent identity between two amino acid or nucleotide sequences can also be determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller ((1989) CABIOS, 4:11-17) that has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. The percent identity is usually calculated by comparing sequences of similar length. Protein analysis software matches similar sequences using measures of similarity assigned to various substitutions, deletions and other modifications, including conservative amino acid substitutions. For instance, the GCG Wisconsin Package (Accelrys, Inc.) contains programs such as “Gap” and “Bestfit” that can be used with default parameters to determine sequence identity between closely related polypeptides, such as homologous polypeptides from different species of organisms or between a wild type protein and a mutant thereof. See, e.g., GCG Version 6.1. Polypeptide sequences also can be compared using FASTA using default or recommended parameters. A program in GCG Version 6.1. FASTA (e.g., FASTA2 and FASTA3) provides alignments and percent sequence identity of the regions of the best overlap between the query and search sequences (Pearson, Methods Enzymol. 183:63-98 (1990); Pearson, Methods Mol. Biol. 132:185-219 (2000)). The length of polypeptide sequences compared for identity will generally be at least about 16 amino acid residues, usually at least about 20 residues, more usually at least about 24 residues, typically at least about 28 residues, and preferably more than about 35 residues. The length of a DNA sequence compared for identity will generally be at least about 48 nucleic acid residues, usually at least about 60 nucleic acid residues, more usually at least about 72 nucleic acid residues, typically at least about 84 nucleic acid residues, and preferably more than about 105 nucleic acid residues.

The phrase “substantially as set out,” “substantially identical” or “substantially homologous” in connection with an amino acid nucleotide sequence means that the relevant amino acid or nucleotide sequence will be identical to or have differences (through conserved amino acid substitutions) in comparison to the sequences that are set out. Insubstantial differences include minor amino acid changes, such as 1 or 2 substitutions in a 50 amino acid sequence of a specified region. Insubstantial differences may have deleterious effect.

The terms “potentiator”, “corrector”, “agonist” or “activator” refer to a compound or substance that activates a biological function of CFTR, e.g., increases ion conductance via CFTR. As used herein, a potentiator, corrector or activator may act upon a CFTR or upon a specific subset of different forms (e.g., mutant forms) of CFTR.

The terms “inhibitor”, “antagonist” or “blocker” refers to a compound or substance that decreases a biological function of CFTR, e.g., decreases ion conductance via CFTR. As used herein, an inhibitor or blocker may act upon a CFTR or upon a specific subset of different forms (e.g., mutant forms) of CFTR.

The term “modulator” refers to a compound or substance that alters a structure, conformation, biochemical or biophysical property or functionality of a CFTR either positively or negatively. The modulator can be a CFTR agonist (potentiator, corrector, or activator) or antagonist (inhibitor or blocker), including partial agonists or antagonists, selective agonists or antagonists and inverse agonists, and can be an allosteric modulator. A substance or compound is a modulator even if its modulating activity changes under different conditions or concentrations or with respect to different forms (e.g., mutant forms) of CFTR. As used herein, a modulator may affect the ion conductance of a CFTR, the response of a CFTR to another regulatory compound, or the selectivity of a CFTR. A modulator may also change the ability of another modulator to affect the function of a CFTR. A modulator may act upon all or upon a specific subset of different forms (e.g., mutant forms) of CFTR. Modulators include, but are not limited to, potentiators, correctors, activators, inhibitors, agonists, antagonists, and blockers. Modulators also include protein trafficking correctors.

The phrase “functional CFTR” refers to a CFTR that responds to a known activator (such as apigenin, forskolin or IBMX—[3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine]) or a known inhibitor (such as chromanol 293B, glibenclamide, lonidamine, NPPB—[5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid], DPC—[diphenylamine-2-carboxylate] or niflumic acid) or other known modulators (such as 9-AC—[anthracene-9-carboxylic acid], or chlorotoxin) in substantially the same way as CFTR in a cell that normally expresses CFTR without engineering. CFTR behavior can be determined by, for example, physiological activities, and pharmacological responses. Physiological activities include, but are not limited to, chloride ion conductance. Pharmacological responses include, but are not limited to, activation by forskolin alone, or a mixture of forskolin, apigenin and IBMX [3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine].

A “heterologous” or “introduced” CFTR protein means that the CFTR protein is encoded by a polynucleotide introduced into a host cell.

This invention relates to novel cells and cell lines that have been engineered to express CFTR. In some embodiments, the novel cells or cell lines of the invention express a functional, wild type CFTR (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2). In some embodiments, the CFTR is a mutant CFTR (e.g., CFTR ΔF508; SEQ ID NO: 7). Illustrative CFTR mutants are set forth in Tables 1 and 2 (These tables are compiled based on mutation information obtained from a database developed by the Cystic Fibrosis Genetic Analysis Consortium available at www.genet.sickkids.on.ca/cftr/Home). According to the invention, the CFTR can be from any mammal, including rat, mouse, rabbit, goat, dog, cow, pig, or primate (e.g., human). In some embodiments, the novel cells or cell lines express an introduced functional CFTR (e.g., CFTR encoded by a transgene). In some embodiments, the novel cells or cell lines express a naturally-occurring CFTR, encoded by an endogenous CFTR gene that has been activated by gene activation technology. In preferred embodiments, the cells and cell lines stably express CFTR. The CFTR-expressing cells and cell lines of the invention have enhanced properties compared to cells and cell lines made by conventional methods. For example, the CFTR cells and cell lines have enhanced stability of expression (even when maintained in culture without selective pressure such as antibiotics) and possess high Z′ values in cell-based assays. The cells and cell lines of the invention provide detectable signal-to-noise signals, e.g., a signal-to-noise signal greater than 1:1. The cells and cell lines of the invention provide reliable readouts when used in high-throughput assays such as membrane potential assays, producing results that can match those from assays that are considered gold-standard in the field but too labor-intensive to become high-throughput (e.g., electrophysiology assays). In certain embodiments, the CFTR does not comprise a polypeptide tag.

TABLE 1 CFTR Mutants Location of Name Nucleotide Change Mutation* Consequence 1001 + 11C/T C or T at 1001 + 11 intron 6b sequence variation 1001 + 12C/T C or T at 1001 + 12 intron 6b sequence variation 1001 + 3A > T A to T at 1001 + 3 intron 6b Alternative splicing and complete skipping of exon 6b 1001 + 4A->C + intron 6b splicing 993delCTTAA 1002 − 2A > G A to G at 1002 − 2  6b mRNA splicing defect 1002 − 3T->G T to G at 1002 − 3 intron 6b mRNA splicing defect 1002 − 56C/G C or G at 1002 − 56 intron 6b sequence variation 1002 − 7delTTT Deletion of TTT beginning at intron 6b Interference with splicing 1002 − 7 1013delAA deletion of AA from 1013  7 frameshift −102T->A T to A at −102 promotor regulatory mutation 1047C/T C or T at 1047  7 sequence variation 1058delC deletion of C at 1058  7 frameshift 1078delT deletion of T at 1078  7 frameshift 107 G/A G to A at 107  1 sequence variation 1086G/A G or A at 1086  7 Sequence variation 1092A/G A or G at 1092  7 sequence variation 1098G/A G or A at 1098  7 sequence variation (Val at 322 no change) 1104(C/G) C or G at 1104  7 sequence variation 1112delT deletion of T at 1112  7 frameshift 1119delA deletion of A at 1119  7 frameshift 1138insG insertion of G after 1138  7 frameshift 1150delA deletion of A at 1150  7 frameshift 1150insTC Insertion of TC at 1150  7 Frameshift 1151ins12 tandem duplication of 12 bp from  7 Insertion-duplication of 4 position 1140 to position 1151 amino acids within the M6 domain (transmembrane domain) 1154insTC insertion of TC after 1154  7 frameshift 1161delC deletion of C at 1161  7 frameshift 1161insG insertion of G after 1161  7 frameshift 1164 T/A T to A at 1164  7 sequence variation 1185delTC Deletion of TC at 1185  7 Frameshift 1199delG deletion of G at 1199  7 frameshift 120del23 Deletion of 23 bp from nucleotide + promotor, 1 This mutation abolishes the 120 of exon 1 promoter, to initiation codon at position nucleotide 142 (the first nucleotide 133. The next possible of codon 4) initiation codon is located at intron 1 position 185 + 63. 1213delT deletion of T at 1213  7 frameshift 1215delG deletion of G at 1215  7 frameshift 1221delCT deletion of CT from 1221  7 frameshift 1233A/T A or T at 1233  7 Sequence variation 1243ins6 insertion of ACAAAA after 1243  7 insertion of Asp and Lys after Lys370 1248 + 17C->T C or T at 1248 + 17 intron 7 sequence variation 1248 + 1G->A G to A at 1248 + 1 intron 7 mRNA splicing defect 1248 + 1G->C G to C at 1248 + 1 intron 7 Splicing 1248 + 31 A/C 1248 + 31 A > C intron 7 sequence variation 1248 + 52T/C T or C at 1248 + 52 intron 7 sequence variation 1249 − 27delTA deletion of TA at 1249 − 27 intron 7 mRNA splicing defect 1249 − 30delAT deletion of AT from 1249 − 30 intron 7 mRNA splicing defect 1249 − 31A->G 1249 − 31 A > G intron 7 mRNA splicing defect 1249 − 5A->G A to G at 1249 intron 7 mRNA splicing defect 1249 − 82C/T C or T at 1249 − 82 intron 7 sequence variation 124del23bp delete 23 bp from 124 to 146  1 1259insA insertion of A after 1259  8 frameshift 125G/C G or C at 125  1 sequence variation 1283delA deletion of A at 1283  8 frameshift 1288insTA Insertion of TA at 1285 Or  8 Frameshift Insertion of AT at 1284 1289insTA Insertion of TA at 1289  8 Frameshift 1291delTT delete TT from 1291  8 Frame shift 1294del7 deletion of 7 bp from 1294  8 frameshift 1296G/T G to T at 1296  8 sequence variation (Thr at 388 no change) 129G/C G or C at 129  1 sequence variation 1309delG deletion of G at 1309  8 frameshift 1323insA insertion of A after 1323  8 frameshift 1341 + 18A->C A to C at 1341 + 18 intron 8 mRNA splicing defect 1341 + 1G->A G to A at 1341 + 1 intron 8 mRNA splicing defect 1341 + 28C > T C > T at 1341 + 28 intron 8 polymorphism 1341 + 28C/T C or T at 1341 + 28 intron 8 sequence variation 1341 + 6 A->G A to G at 1341 + 6 mRNA splicing defect 1341 + 6 A->G A to G at 1341 + 6 intron 8 mRNA splicing defect 1341 + 79 C/T 1341 + 79 C->T intron 8 sequence variation 1341G->A G to A at 1341  8 sequence variation 1342 − 11TTT->G TTT to G at 1342 − 11 intron 8 mRNA splicing defect 1342 − 12(GT)n variable number of copies (8-10x) intron 8 sequence variation at around 1342 − 12 to − 35 1342 − 13G/T G or T at 1342 − 13 intron 8 sequence variation 1342 − 1delG Deletion of G at 1342 − 1 Intron 8 Frameshift 1342 − 1G->C G to C at 1342 − 1 intron 8 mRNA splicing defect 1342 − 265(GT)n variable number of copies at intron 8 sequence variation (greater around 1342 − 265 to − 310 than 8 alleles) 1342 − 2A->C A to C at 1342 − 2 intron 8 mRNA splicing defect 1342 − 2delAG deletion of AG from 1342 − 2 intron 8 mRNA splicing defect 135del120ins300  1 1366delG deletion of G at 1366  9 frameshift 1367del5 deletion of CAAAA at 1367  9 frameshift 1367delC deletion of C at 1367  9 frameshift 1429del7bp deletion of 17bp from 1429 19 stop codon at amino acid 441 1460delAT deletion of AT from 1460  9 frameshift 1461ins4 insertion of AGAT after 1461  9 frameshift 1461 T/C T to C at 1461  9 sequence variation 1471delA deletion of A at 1471  9 frameshift 1491 − 1500del Deletion between 1491 to 1500  9 Large in/del 1497delGG deletion of GG at 1497  9 frameshift 1504delG deletion of G at 1504  9 frameshift 1524 + 1G->A G to A at 1524 + 1 intron 9 splice mutation 1524 + 60 insA Ins A at 1524 + 60 intron 9 sequence variation 1524 + 68 G/A 1524 + 68 G > A intron 9 sequence variation 1524 + 6insC insertion of C after 1524 + 6, with intron 9 mRNA splicing defect G to A at 1524 + 12 1525 − 18G/A G or A at 1525 − 18 intron 9 sequence variation or mRNA splicing defect 1525 − 1G->A G to A at 1525 − 1 intron 9 mRNA splicing defect 1525 − 2A->G A to G at 1525 − 2 intron 9 Splicing 1525 − 47T->G 1525 − 47T > G Intron 9 Sequence Variation 1525 − 60G/A G or A at 1525 − 60 intron 9 sequence variation 1525 − 61A/G A or G at 1525 − 61 intron 9 sequence variation 1531C/T (L467F) C or T at 1531 10 sequence variation 1540del10 deletion of 10bp after 1540 10 frameshift 1548delG deletion of G from 1548 − 1550 10 frameshift 1565 del CA deletion of CA from 1565 10 frameshift 156G/A G or A at 156  1 sequence variation 1571delG deletion of G at 1571 10 frameshift 1572T/C T or C at 1572 10 sequence variation 1576insT insertion of T at 1576 10 framshift 1601delTC deletion of TC from 1601 or CT 10 frameshift from 1602 1609delCA deletion of CA from 1609 10 frameshift 1612delTT deletion of TT from 1612 10 frameshift 163G/A G or A at 163  1 sequence variation 1650C/G C to G at 1650 10 Ile to Met at 506; sequence variation 1651A/G A or G at 1651 10 sequence variation 1653C/T C to T at 1653 10 NO AMINOACID CHANGE 1660delG Deletion of G at 1660 10 frameshift 1677delTA deletion of TA from 1677 10 frameshift 1693A->C A to C at 1693 10 Ile to Leu at 521 (sequence variation) 1706del17 deletion of 17 bp from 1706 10 deletion of splice site 1713A/G A or G at 1713 10 sequence variation 1716 + 12T/C T or C at 1716 + 12 intron 10 sequence variation 1716 + 13G/T G or T at 1716 + 13 intron 10 sequence variation 1716 + 1G->A G to A at 1716 + 1 intron 10 mRNA splicing defect 1716 + 1G->T 1716 + 1 G > T intron 10 mRNA splicing defect 1716 + 2T->C T to C at 1716 + 2 intron 10 mRNA splicing defect 1716 + 4 A->T 1716 + 4 A > T intron 10 mRNA splicing defect 1716 + 63ins11nt insertion of 11 nucleotides after intron 10 sequence variation 1716 + 63 1716 + 64A/C A or C at 1716 + 64 intron 10 sequence variation 1716 + 77A/G A or G at 1716 + 77 intron 10 sequence variation 1716 + 85C/T C or T at 1716 + 85 intron 10 sequence variation 1716G/A G or A at 1716 10 sequence variation 1717 − 19T/C T or C at 1717 − 19 intron 10 sequence variation 1717 − 1G->A G to A at 1717 − 1 intron 10 mRNA splicing defect 1717 − 2A->G A to G at 1717 − 2 intron 10 mRNA splicing defect 1717 − 3T->G T to G at 1717 − 3 intron 10 mRNA splicing defect 1717 − 8G->A G to A at 1717 − 8 intron 10 mRNA splicing defect 1717 − 9T->A T to A at 1717 − 9 intron 10 mRNA splicing mutation 1742delAC deletion of AC from 1742 11 frameshift 1749insTA insertion of TA at 1749 11 frameshift resulting in premature termination at 540 174delA deletion of A between 172 − 174  1 frameshift 175delC deletion of C at 175  1 frameshift 175insT insertion of T after 175  1 frameshift 1764T/G T or G at 1764 11 sequence variation 1767del6 delete 6 nucleotide from 1767 11 In frame in/del 1773A/T A or T at 1773 11 sequence variation 1774delCT deletion of CT from 1774 11 frameshift 1782delA deletion of A at 1782 11 frameshift 1784delG deletion of G at 1784 11 frameshift 1787delA deletion of A at position 1787 or 11 frameshift, stop codon at 558 1788 1802delC deletion of C at 1802 11 frameshift 1806delA deletion of A at 1806 11 frameshift 1811 + 11A->G A to G at 1811 + 11 intron 11 Splicing 1811 + 1650 T > A 1811 + 1650 T > A intron 11 Sequence variation 1811 + 1.6kbA->G A to G at 1811 + 1.2kb intron 11 creation of splice donor site 1811 + 16T->C 1811 + 16 T > C intron 11 This mutation may lead to an alternative splicing, with the donor splice site located at nucleotide + 18. This alternative splice site with the mutation at +16 has a higher PCU than the previously described mutation 1811 + 18G->A. 1811 + 18G->A G to A at 1811 + 18 intron 11 mRNA splicing defect 1811 + 1 G > A G to A at 1811 + 1 intron 11 Splicing defect 1811 + 1G->C G to C at 1811 + 1 intron 11 mRNA splicing defect 1811 + 24G->A G to A at 1811 + 24 Intron 11 mRNA splicing defect 1811 + 34 G > A G to A at 1811 + 34 intron 11 mRNA splicing defect 1811 + 5A->G 1811 + 5 A > G intron 11 mRNA splicing defect 1812 − 108T/C T or C at 1812 − 108 intron 11 sequence variation 1812 − 136T/C T or C at 1812 − 136 intron 11 sequence variation 1812 − 1G->A G to A at 1812 − 1 intron 11 mRNA splicing defect 1812 − 26T->C T to C at 1812 − 26 intron 11 splicing mutation 1812 − 59T/G T or G at 1812 − 59 intron 11 sequence variation 1812 − 5 T->A 1812 − 5 T > A intron 11 splicing mutation 1812 − 99 T->C C to T at 1812 − 99 Intron 11 Sequence Variation 1813insC insertion of C after 1813 (or 1814) 12 frameshift 182delT deletion of T at 182  1 frameshift 1833delT deletion of T at 1833 12 frameshift 1845delAG/1846delGA deletion of AG at 1845 or GA at 12 frameshift 1846 185 + 1G->T G to T at 185 + 1 intron 1 mRNA splicing defect 185 + 45A->G A to G at 185 + 45 intron 1 sequence variation 185 + 4A->T A to T at 185 + 4 intron 1 mRNA splicing defect (CBAVD) 186 − 13C->G C to G at 186 − 13 intron 1 mRNA splicing defect 1870delG deletion of G at 1870 12 frameshift 1874insT insertion of T between 1871 and 12 frameshift 1874 1898 + 152T/A T or A at 1898 + 152 intron 12 sequence variation 1898 + 1G->A G to A at 1898 + 1 intron 12 mRNA splicing defect 1898 + 1G->C G to C at 1898 + 1 intron 12 mRNA splicing defect 1898 + 1G->T G to T at 1898 + 1 intron 12 mRNA splicing defect 1898 + 30G/A G or A at 1898 + 30 intron 12 sequence variation 1898 + 3A->C A to C at 1898 + 3 intron 12 mRNA splicing defect 1898 + 3A->G A to G at 1898 + 3 intron 12 mRNA splicing defect 1898 + 5G->A G to A at 1898 + 5 intron 12 mRNA splicing defect 1898 + 5G->T G to T at 1898 + 5 intron 12 mRNA splicing defect 1898 + 73T->G T to G at 1898 + 73 intron 12 mRNA splicing defect 1918delGC deletion of GC from 1918 13 frameshift 1924del7 deletion of 7 bp (AAACTA) from 13 frameshift 1924 1932delG Deletion of G at nucleotide 1932 13 Frameshift a premature stop codon appears 10 codons further. 1949del84 deletion of 84 bp from 1949 13 deletion of 28 a.a. (Met607 to Gln634) 2003del8 Deletion of GCTATTTT from 2003 13 Frameshift 2043delG deletion of G at 2043 13 frameshift 2051delTT deletion of TT from 2051 13 frameshift 2055del9->A deletion of 9 bp CTCAAAACT to A 13 frameshift at 2055 2064C/G C or G at 2064 13 sequence variation (Leu at 644 no change) 2082C/T C or T at 2082 13 sequence variation (no change Phe at 650) 2092A/G A or G at 2092 13 sequence variation 2104insA + 2109 − insertion of A at 2104, deletion of 13 2118del10 10bp at 2109 2105 − Deletion of 13 bp and insertion of 13 Frameshift 2117del13insAGAAA AGAAA at 2105 − 2117 2108delA deletion of A at 2108 13 frameshift 2113delA deletion of A at 2113 13 frameshift 2116delCTAA deletion of CTAA at 2116 13 frameshift 2118del4 deletion of AACT from 2118 13 frameshift 211delG deletion of G at 211  2 frameshift 2141insA insertion of A after 2141 13 frameshift 2143delT deletion of T at 2143 13 frameshift 2176insC insertion of C after 2176 13 frameshift 2183AA->G A to G at 2183 and deletion of A at 13 frameshift 2184 2183delAA deletion of AA at 2183 13 frameshift 2184A/G A to G at 2184 13 no change 2184delA deletion of A at 2184 13 frameshift 2184insA insertion of A after 2184 13 frameshift 2185insC insertion of C at 2185 13 frameshift 2193ins4 Insertion of 4T at 2193 13 Frameshift 2215insG insertion of G at 2215 13 frameshift 2221insA insertion of A at 2221 13 Frameshift a premature stop codon appears 33 codons further 2238C/G C or G at 2238 13 sequence variation 223C/T C or T at 223  2 sequence variation 2289 − 2295del7bpinsGT Deletion of 7 bp and insertion of 13 Frameshift GT at 2289 − 2295 2307insA insertion of A after 2307 13 frameshift 232del18 Deletion of 18 bp from 232  2 Deletion of 6 aa from Leu34 to Gln39 2335delA deletion of A at 2335 13 frameshift 2347delG deletion of G at 2347 13 frameshift 2372del8 deletion of 8 bp from 2372 13 frameshift 2377C/T C or T at 2377 13 sequence variation (no change for Leu at 749) 237insA insertion of A after 237  2 frameshift 2380_2387del Deletion of 8 bp from 2380 13 Frameshift 2391 C/T 2391 C > T 13 Polymorphism 2406delCC deletion of CC at 2406 13 Frameshift 2409delC Deletion of C at 2409 13 Frameshift 2412G/A G to A at 2412 13 Sequence variation 2418GG > T G to T at 2418 13 missense 241delAT deletion of AT from 241  2 frameshift 2423delG deletion of G at 2423 13 frameshift 244delTA deletion of TA from 244  2 frameshift 2456delAC deletion of AC at 2456 13 frameshift 2493ins8 insertion of 8bp after 2493 13 frameshift 2512delG Deletion of G at 2512 13 Frameshift 2522insC insertion of C after 2522 13 frameshift 2553A/G A or G at 2553 13 sequence variation 2556insAT insertion of AT after 2556 13 frameshift 2566insT insertion of T after 2566 13 frameshift 2585delT deletion of T at 2585 13 stop codon at amino acid 820 2603delT deletion of T at 2603/4 13 frameshift 2622 + 14G/A G or A at 2622 + 14 intron 13 sequence variation 2622 + 1G->A G to A at 2622 + 1 intron 13 mRNA splicing defect 2622 + 1G->T G to T at 2622 + 1 intron 13 splice mutation 2622 + 2del6 deletion of TAGGTA from 2622 + 2 intron 13 mRNA splicing defect 2622 + 2T > C T to C at 2622 + 2 intron 13 mRNA splicing defect 2623 − 11 C->T 2623 − 11 C > T intron 13 Polymorphism 2623 − 23A->G 2623 − 23 A > G intron 13 mRNA splicing defect 2623 − 2A->G A to G at 2623 − 2 intron 23 Splicing 2634delT Deletion of T at 2634 14a frameshift 2634insT insertion of T after 2634 14a frameshift 263A/T A or T at 263  2 sequence variation 2640delT deletion of T at 2640 14a frameshift 2691T/C T or C at 2691 14a sequence variation 2694delT deletion of T at 2694 14a frameshift 2694T/C T or C at 2694 14a sequence variation 2694T/G T or G at 2694 14a sequence variation 2703G/A G or A at 2703 14a sequence variation (Lys at 857 no change) 2711delT deletion of T at 2711 14a frameshift 2721del11 deletion of 11 bp from 2721 14a frameshift 2723delTT deletion of TT from 2723 14a frameshift 2732insA insertion of A at 2732 14a frameshift 2734G->AT Deletion of G at 2734 with 14a frameshift insertion of AT 2736G/A G or A at 2736 14a sequence variation 2747delC Deletion of C at nucleotide 2747 14a Frameshift a premature stop codon appears 34 codons further 2751 + 2T->A T to A at 2751 + 2 intron mRNA splicing defect 14a 2751 + 3A->G A to G at 2751 + 3 intron mRNA splicing defect 14a (CBAVD) 2751G->A G to A at 2751 14a mRNA splicing defect 2752 − 15C/G C or G at 2752 − 15 intron sequence variation 14a 2752 − 17G/A G to A at 2752 − 17 intron sequence variation 14a 2752 − 1G->C G to C at 2752 − 1 intron splice mutation 14a 2752 − 1G->T G to T at 2752 − 1 intron mRNA splicing defect 14a 2752 − 22A/G A or G at 2752 − 22 intron sequence variation 14a 2752 − 26A->G A to G at 2752 − 26 intron mRNA splicing defect 14a 2752 − 2A > G A to G at 2752 − 2 Intron mRNA splicing defect 14a 2752 − 674_3499 + 2752 − 674_3499 + 198del9855bp 14b, 15, Large deletion removing 198del9855 16, 17a, exons 14b to 17b. Frameshift 17b 2752 − 6T->C T to C at 2752 − 6 intron Splicing 14a 2752 − 97C->T C to T at 2752 − 97 intron Splicing 14a 2766del8 deletion of 8 bp from 2766 14b frameshift 2787del16 Deletion of 16 nucleotides from 14b, Splicing mutation. 2787 intron 14b 2789 + 2insA insertion of A after 2789 + 2 intron mRNA splicing defect (CAVD) 14b 2789 + 32T/C T or C at 2789 + 32 intron sequence variation 14b 2789 + 3delG deletion of G at 2789 + 3 intron mRNA splicing defect 14b 2789 + 5G->A G to A at 2789 + 5 intron mRNA splicing defect 14b 2790 − 108G/C G or C at 2790 − 108 intron sequence variation 14b 2790 − 1G->C G to C at 2790 − 1 intron mRNA splicing defect 14b 2790 − 1G->T G to T at 2790 − 1 intron mRNA splicing defect 14b 2790 − 21G/A G or A at 2790 − 21 intron sequence variation 14b 2790 − 2A->G A to G at 2790 − 2 intron mRNA splicing defect 14b 279A/G A to G at 279  2 No change (Leu at 49) 2811G/T G or T at 2811 15 sequence variation 2819del4bpins13bp delete 4bp(CTCA) at 2819, insert 15 Thr to Met at 896, His to Ser 13 bp (TGAGTACTATGAG (SEQ at 897, insertion of Thr, Met ID NO: 10)) at 2819 and Ser after 897 2839T/C T or C at 2839 15 sequence variation 2844A/T A or T at 2844 15 sequence variation (Ala at 904 no change) 284delA deletion of A at 284  2 frameshift 2851A/G A or G at 2851 15 Ile or Val at 907 2856C/T C or T at 2856 15 sequence variation (Thr at 908 no change) 2858G/T G or T at 2858 15 sequence variation 2868 G/A G to A at 2868 15 sequence variation 2869insG insertion of G after 2869 15 frameshift 2896insAG insertion of AG after 2896 15 frameshift 2901C/T C or T at 2901 15 sequence variation 2907delTT deletion of TT from 2907 15 frameshift 2909delT deletion of T at 2909 15 frameshift 2940A/G A or G at 2940 15 sequence variation 2942insT insertion of T at 2942 15 frameshift resulting in premature termination at codon 974 2948AT->C AT to C at 2948 15 frameshift resulting in premature termination at 2953 295ins8 insertion of ATTGGAAA after 295  2 frameshift 296 + 128G/C G or C at 296 + 128 intron 2 sequence variation 296 + 12T->C T to C at 296 + 12 intron 2 mRNA splicing defect 296 + 1G->A G to A at 296 + 1 intron 2 splicing 296 + 1G->C G to C at 296 + 1 intron 2 mRNA splicing defect 296 + 1G->T G to T at 296 + 1 intron 2 missense; mRNA splicing defect 296 + 28A->G A to G at 296 + 28 intron 2 mRNA splicing 296 + 2T->A T to A at 296 + 2 intron 2 mRNA splicing Defect 296 + 2T->C T to C at 296 + 2 intron 2 mRNA splicing defect 296 + 2T->G T to G at 296 + 2 intron 2 mRNA splicing defect 296 + 3insT insertion of T after 296 + 3 intron 2 mRNA splicing defect 2967G/A G or A at 2967 15 sequence variation (no change for Ser at 945) 296 + 9A->T A to T at 296 + 9 intron 2 mRNA splicing defect 297 − 10T->G T to G at 297 − 10 intron 2 splice mutation 297 − 12insA insertion of A at 297 − 12 intron 2 splice mutation 297 − 28insA insertion of A after 297 − 28 intron 2 mRNA splicing defect 297 − 2A->G A to G at 297 − 2 intron 2 mRNA splicing defect 297 − 3C->A C to A at 297 − 3 intron 2 mRNA splicing defect 297 − 3C->T C to T at 297 − 3 intron 2 mRNA splicing defect 297 − 45 A->G A to G at 297 − 45 Sequence variation 297 − 50A/G A or G at 297 − 50 intron 2 sequence variation 297 − 55C/T C to T at 297 − 55 intron 2 sequence variation 297 − 57 G/T 297 − 57 G > T intron 2 sequence variation 297 − 67A/C A or C at 297 − 67 intron 2 sequence variation 297 − 73 A/G 297 − 73 A > G intron 2 sequence variation 2991del32 deletion of 32 bp from 2991 to 15 frameshift 3022 3007delG deletion of G at 3007 15 frameshift 300delA deletion of A at 300  3 frameshift 3028delA deletion of A at 3028 15 frameshift 3030G/A G or A at 3030 15 sequence variation 3040 + 11A/T 3040 + 11 A > T intron 15 Polymorphism 3040 + 23T->C T to C at 3040 + 23 intron 15 Splicing 3040 + 2T->C T to C at 3040 + 2 intron 15 mRNA splicing defect 3041 − 11del7 deletion of GTATATT at 3041 − 11 intron 15 mRNA splicing mutation 3041 − 15T->G T to G at 3041 − 15 intron 15 mRNA splicing mutation 3041 − 1G->A G to A at 3041 − 1 intron 15 mRNA splicing defect 3041 − 4A->G A to G at 3041 − 4 intron 6b splicing 3041 − 51 T/G 3041 − 51 T > G intron 15 sequence variation 3041 − 52C/G C or G at 3041 − 52 intron 15 sequence variation 3041 − 71G/C G or C at 3041 − 71 intron 15 sequence variation 3041 − 92G/A G or A at 3041 − 92 intron 15 sequence variation 3041delG deletion of G at 3041 16 frameshift 3056delGA deletion of GA from 3056 16 frameshift 306delTAGA deletion of TAGA from 306  3 frameshift 306insA insertion of A at 306  3 frameshift 3079delTT deletion of TT from 3079 16 frameshift 3100insA insertion of A after 3100 16 frameshift 3120 + 198G->A G to A at 3120 + 198 intron 16 Splicing 3120 + 1G->A G to A at 3120 + 1 intron 16 mRNA splicing defect 3120 + 35 A->T A to T at 3120 + 35 Intron 16 mRNA splicing defect 3120 + 41delA Delete A at 3120 + 41 intron 16 sequence variation 3120 + 45A/G A or G at 3120 + 45 intron 16 sequence variation 3120G->A G to A at 3120 16 mRNA splicing defect 3121 − 14C/A C or A at 3121 − 14 intron 16 Sequence variation 3121 − 1G->A G to A at 3121 − 1 intron 16 mRNA splicing defect 3121 − 2A->G A to G at 3121 − 2 intron 16 mRNA splicing defect 3121 − 2A->T A to T at 3121 − 2 intron 16 mRNA splicing defect 3121 − 3C->G C to G at 3121 − 3 intron 16 mRNA splicing 3121 − 92A12/13 12A or 13A at 3121 − 92 intron 16 sequence variation 3121 − 977_3499 + 3121 − 977_3499 + 248del2515bp 17a, 17b Large deletion removing 248del2515 exons 17a and 17b. Frameshift 3126del4 deletion of ATTA from 3126 17a frameshift 3129del4 deletion of 4 bp from 3129 17a frameshift 3130del15 delete 15 nucleotide at 3130 17a In fram in/del 3130delA Deletion of A at 3130 17a frameshift 3131del15 deletion of 15 bp from 3130, 3131, 17a deletion of Val at 1001 to Ile at or 3132 1005 3132delTG deletion of TG from 3132 17a frameshift 3141del9 del AGCTATAGC from 3141 17a Frameshift 3152delT delete T at 3152 17a frameshift 3153delT deletion of T at 3153 17a frameshift 3154delG deletion of G at 3154 17a frameshift 3171delC deletion of C at 3171 17a frameshift resulting in premature termination at 1022 3171insC insertion of C after 3171 17a frameshift 3173delAC deletion of AC from 3173 17a frameshift 3195del6 deletion of AGTGAT from 3195 to 17a deletion of Val1022 and 3200 Ile1023 3196del54 deletion of 54 bp from 3196 17a deletion of 18 aa from codon 1022 3199del6 deletion of AGTG from 3199 17a deletion of Ile at 1023 and Val at 1024 3200_3204delTAGTG Deletion of TAGTG from 3200 17a Frameshift 3238delA 3238delA 17a frameshift 3271 + 101C/G C or G at 3271 + 101 intron sequence variation 17a 3271 + 183 T to G T to G at 3271 + 183 intron sequence variation 17a 3271 + 18C/T C or T at 3271 + 18 intron sequence variation 17a 3271 + 1G->A G to A at 3271 + 1 intron mRNA splicing defect 17a 3271 + 1G > T G to T at 3271 + 1 Intron mRNA splicing defect 17a 3271 + 42A/T A or T at 3271 + 42 intron sequence variation 17a 3271 + 80A/T A or T at 3271 + 80 Intron Sequence variation 17a 3271 + 8A > G A to G at 3271 + 8 intron RNA splicing defect 17a 3271delGG deletion of GG at 3271 17a framshift for exon 17b, loss of splice site 3272 − 11A->G A to G at 3272 − 11 intron Splicing 17a 3272 − 1G->A G to A at 3272 − 1 intron mRNA splicing defect 17a 3272 − 26A->G A to G at 3272 − 26 intron mRNA splicing defect 17a 3272 − 33A/G A or G at 3272 − 33 intron sequence variation 17a 3272 − 42 G/T 3272 − 42 G > T intron sequence variation 17a 3272 − 4A->G A to G at 3272 − 4 intron mRNA splicing defect 17a 3272 − 54del704 deletion of 704 bp from 3272 − 54 intron deletion of exon 17b 17a 3272 − 93T/C T or C at 3272 − 93 intron sequence variation 17a 3272 − 9A->T A to T at 3272 − 9 intron mRNA splicing defect 17a 3293delA deletion of A at 3293 17b frameshift −329A/G A or G at −329 upstream of the promotor sequence variation cap site 3320ins5 insertion of CTATG after 3320 17b frameshift 3333C/T C or T at 3333 17b sequence variation 3336C/T C or T at 3336 17b sequence variation 3359delCT deletion of CT from 3359 17b frameshift 3384A/G A or G at 3384 17b sequence variation 3396delC deletion of C at 3396 17 frameshift −33G->A G to A at −33 promotor promoter mutation 3413del355_insTGTTAA Partial deletion of exon 17b. It 17b A stop codon appears very removes 355 bp, i.e. from nt 3413 early in the new sequence but (in codon 1094) to 3499 + 268 in the consequences at the RNA intron 17b; the sequence level remain to be studied. “TGTTAA” is inserted at the breakpoints. 3417A/T A or T at 3417 17b sequence variation 3419delT deletion of T at 3419 17b frameshift 3423delC deletion of C at 3423 17b frameshift 3425delG deletion of G at 3425 or 3426 17b frameshift 3438A/G A or G at 3438 17b Sequence variation 3447delG Deleletion of G at 3447 17b Frameshift 345T/C T or C at 345  3 sequence variation 3471T/C T or C at 3471 17b sequence variation 3477C/A C or A at 3477 17b sequence variation 347delC deletion of C at 347  3 frameshift 3495delA deletion of A at 3495 17b frameshift 3499 + 29G/A G or A at 3499 + 29 Intron Sequence variation 17b 3499 + 2T->C T to C at 3499 + 2 intron mRNA splicing defect 17b 3499 + 37G/A G or A at 3499 + 37 intron sequence variation 17b 3499 + 3A->G A to G at 3499 + 3 intron mRNA splicing defect 17b 3499 + 45T/C T or C at 3499 + 45 intron sequence variation 17b 3499 + 6A->G A to G at 3499 + 6 intron mRNA splicing defect 17b 3499 + 7T->G T to G at 3499 + 7 intron Splicing 17b 3500 − 140A/C A or C at 3500 − 140 intron sequence variation 17b 3500 − 1 G to A 3500 − 1 G > A intron mRNA splicing defect 17b 3500 − 2A->G A to G at 3500 − 2 intron mRNA splicing defect 17b 3500 − 44G/A G or A at 3500 − 44 intron sequence variation 17b 3500 − 50 A/C 3500 − 50 A > C intron sequence variation 17b 3523A->G A to G at 3523 18 Ile to Val at 1131 3532AC->GTA AC to GTA from 3532 18 frameshift 3556insAGTA insertion of AGTA after position 18 frame shift 3556 3577delT deletion of T at 3577 18 frameshift 359insT insertion of T after 359  3 frameshift 3600 + 2insT insertion of T after 3600 + 2 intron 18 mRNA splicing defect 3600 + 2T->C T to C at 3600 + 2 intron 18 sequence variation 3600 + 42G/A G or A at 3600 + 42 intron 18 sequence variation 3600 + 5G->A G to A at 3600 + 5 intron 18 mRNA splicing defect 3600G->A G to A at 3600 18 mRNA splicing defect 3601 − 111G/C G or C at 3601 − 111 intron 18 sequence variation 3601 − 17T->C T to C at 3601 − 17 intron 18 mRNA splicing defect 3601 − 20T->C T to C at 3601 − 20 intron 18 mRNA splicing mutant 3601 − 2A->G A to G at 3601 − 2 intron 18 mRNA splicing defect 3601 − 65C/A C or A at 3601 − 65 intron 18 sequence variation 360 − 365insT Insertion of T at 360 − 365  3 Frameshift 360delT deletion of T at 360  3 frameshift 3617delGA Deletion of GA from 3617 19 Frameshift 3617G/T G or T at 3617 19 sequence variation 3622insT insertion of T after 3622 19 frameshift 3629delT Deletion of T at 3629 19 Frame shift 3636 C/T C to T at 3636 19 sequence variation (Asp at 1168 no change) −363C/T C to T at −363 promotor promoter mutation 365 − 366insT (W79fs) insertion at 360 − 365  3 Frameshift (W79fs) 3659delC deletion of C at 3659 19 frameshift 3662delA deletion of A at 3662 19 frameshift 3667del4 deletion of 4 bp from 3667 19 frameshift 3667ins4 insertion of TCAA after 3667 19 frameshift 3670delA deletion of A at 3670 19 frameshift 3696G/A G to A at 3696 18 No change to Ser at 1188 3724delG deletion of G at 3724 19 frameshift 3726G/T G or T at 3726 19 sequence variation 3732delA deletion of A at 3732 and A to G at 19 frameshift and Lys to Glu at 3730 1200 3737delA deletion of A at 3737 19 frameshift 3750delAG deletion of AG from 3750 19 frameshift 3755delG deletion of G between 3751 and 19 frameshift 3755 3780 A/C A to C at 3780 19 sequence variation 3789insA insertion of A at 3789 19 frameshift resulting in a premature termination at 3921 3791C/T C or T at 3791 19 sequence variation 3791delC deletion of C at 3791 19 frameshift 379 − 381insT Insertion of T at 379 − 381  3 Frameshift 3821 − 3823del T deletion of T at 3821 − 3823 19 frameshift (Stop at 1234) 3821delT deletion of T at 3821 19 frameshift 3849 + 10kbC->T C to T in a 6.2 kb EcoRI fragment intron 19 creation of splice acceptor site 10 kb from 19 3849 + 1G->A G to A at 3849 + 1 intron 19 mRNA splicing defect 3849 + 40A->G A to G at 3849 + 40 intron 19 Splicing 3849 + 45G->A G to A at 3849 + 45 intron 19 Splicing 3849 + 4A->G A to G at 3849 + 4 intron 19 mRNA splicing defect 3849 + 5G->A G to A at 3849 + 5 intron 19 mRNA splicing defect 3849G->A G to A at 3849 19 mRNA splicing defect 3850 − 129T/C T or C at 3850 − 129 intron 19 sequence variation 3850 − 1G->A G to A at 3850 − 1 intron 19 mRNA splicing defect 3850 − 3T->G T to G at 3850 − 3 intron 19 mRNA splicing defect 3850 − 41C/G 3850 − 41 C > G intron 19 Sequence variation 3850 − 79T/C T or C at 3850 − 79 intron 19 sequence variation 3860ins31 insertion of 31 bp after 3860 20 frameshift 3867A/G A or G at 3867 20 sequence variation 3876delA deletion of A at 3876 20 frameshift 3878delG deletion of G at 3878 20 frameshift mutation at 1249 and stop codon at 1258 3891 G/A G or A at 3891 20 Sequence Variation 3898insC insertion of C after 3898 20 frameshift 3905insT insertion of T after 3905 20 frameshift 3906insG insertion of G after 3906 20 frameshift 3922del10->C deletion of 10 bp from 3922 and 20 deletion of Glu1264 to replacement with 3921 Glu1266 3939C/T C or T at 3939 20 sequence variation 3944delGT deletion of GT from 3944 20 frameshift 394delTT deletion of TT from 394  3 frameshift 3960 − 3961delA Deletion of A at 3960 − 3961 20 Frameshift 4005 + 117T/G T or G at 4005 + 117 intron 20 sequence variation 4005 + 121delTT 8T or 6T at 4005 + 121 intron 20 sequence variation 4005 + 1G->A G to A at 4005 + 1 intron 20 mRNA splicing defect 4005 + 23delA Deletion of A at 4005 + 23 Intron 20 Sequence variation - mRNA splicing defect 4005 + 28insA 6A or 7A at 4005 + 28 intron 20 sequence variation 4005 + 29G->C G to C at 4005 + 29 intron 20 Splicing 4005 + 2T->C T to C at 4005 + 2 intron 20 mRNA splicing defect 4005 + 33A->G A to G at 4005 + 33 intron 20 Splicing 4006 − 103delT deletion of T at 4006 − 103 intron 20 sequence variation 4006 − 11 t->G T to G ar 4006 − 11 mRNA splicing defect 4006 − 14C->G C to G at 4006 − 14 intron 20 mRNA splicing defect 4006 − 19del3 deletion of 3 bp from 4006 − 19 intron 20 mRNA splicing defect 4006 − 200G/A G or A at 4006 − 200 intron 20 sequence variation 4006 − 26 T/C 4006 − 26 T > C intron 20 sequence variation 4006 − 46delTATTT Deletion from 4006 − 46 to 4006 − intron 20 Splicing defect 42 4006 − 4A->G A to G at 4006 − 4 intron 20 mRNA splicing defect 4006 − 50 A/C 4006 − 50 A > C intron 20 sequence variation 4006 − 61del14 deletion of 14 bp from 4006 − 61 to intron 20 mRNA splicing defect 4006 − 47 4006 − 8T->A T to A at 4006 − 8 intron 20 mRNA splicing defect 4006delA deletion of A at 4006 21 frameshift 4010del4 deletion of TATT from 4010 21 frameshift 4015delA deletion of A at 4015 21 frameshift 4016insT insertion of T at 4016 21 frameshift 4022insT insertion of T at 4022 21 Frameshift. 4029A/G A or G at 4029 21 sequence variation 4040delA deletion of A at 4040 21 frameshift 4041_4046del6insTGT Deletion of nucleotides 4041 to 21 deletion of Leu at 1304 and 4046 and insertion of TGT Asp at 1305, insertion of Val at 1304 4048insCC insertion of CC after 4048 21 frameshift 405 + 1G->A G to A at 405 + 1 intron 3 mRNA splicing defect 405 + 3A->C A to C at 405 + 3 intron 3 mRNA splicing defect 405 + 42A/G A or G at 405 + 42 intron 3 sequence variation 405 + 46G/T G or T at 405 + 46 intron 3 sequence variation 405 + 4A->G A to G at 405 + 4 intron 3 mRNA splicing defect 406 − 10C->G C to G at 406 − 10 intron 3 mRNA splicing defect 406 − 112T/A T or A at 406 − 112 intron 3 sequence variation 406 − 13T/C T or C at 406 − 13 intron 3 sequence variation 406 − 1G->A G to A at 406 − 1 intron 3 mRNA splicing defect 406 − 1G->C G to C at 406 − 1 intron 3 mRNA splicing defect 406 − 1G->T G to T at 406 − 1 intron 3 mRNA splicing defect 406 − 2A->C A to C at 406 − 2 intron 3 mRNA splicing defect 406 − 2A->G A to G at 406 − 2 intron 3 mRNA splicing defect 406 − 3T->C T to C at 406 − 3 intron 3 mRNA splicing defect 406 − 5T->G T to G at 406 − 5 intron 3 mRNA splicing defect 406 − 6T->C T to C at 406 − 6 intron 3 mRNA splicing defect 406 − 82T/A T or A at 406 − 82 Intron 3 Sequence variation 406 − 83A/G A or G at 406 − 83 intron 3 sequence variation 4086T/C T or C at 4086 21 sequence variation 4095 + 1G > C 4095 + 1 G > C intron 21 mRNA splicing defect 4095 + 1G->T 4095 + 1G > T Intron 21 mRNA splicing defect 4095 + 2T->A 4095 + 2 T > A intron 21 mRNA slicing defect 4095 + 42T/C T or C at 4095 + 42 intron 21 sequence variation 4096 − 1G->A G to A at 4096 − 1 intron 21 mRNA splicing defect 4096 − 283T/C T or C at 4096 − 283 intron 21 sequence variation 4096 − 28G->A G to A at 4096 − 28 intron 21 mRNA splicing defect 4096 − 3C->G C to G at 4096 − 3 intron 21 mRNA splicing defect 40G/C G to C at 40  1 Sequence variation 4108delT deletion of T at 4108 22 frameshift 4114ATA->TT ATA to TT from 4114 22 Ile to Leu at 1328 and frameshift 412del7->TA deletion of ACCAAAG from 412  4 frameshift and insertion of TA 4168delCTAAGCC Deletion of CTAAGCC at 4168 22 4171insA insertion of A at 4171 22 Frameshift a premature stop codon appears 12 codons further. 4172delGC deletion of GC from 4172 22 frameshift 4173delC deletion of C at 4173 22 frameshift 4203TAG->AA TAG to AA at 4203 22 frameshift 4209TGTT->AA TGTT to AA from 4209 22 Frame shift 4218insT insertion of T after 4218 22 frameshift 4269 − 108A->G A to G at 4269 − 108 intron 22 sequence variation 4269 − 139G/A G or A at 4269 − 139 intron 22 sequence variation 4271delC deletion of C at 4271 23 frameshift 4272delA Deletion of nucleotide A at 4272 23 Frameshift position 4279insA insertion of A after 4279 23 frameshift 4301)delA deletion of A at 4301 or 4302 23 frameshift 4326delTC Deletion of TC from 4326 to 4327 23 FrameShift 4326delTC deletion of TC from 4326 23 frameshift 4329C/G C or G at 4329 Exon 23 Sequence Variation 4332delTG deletion of TG at 4332 23 framshift 4356G/A G or A at 4356 23 sequence variation 435insA insertion of A after 435  4 frameshift 4374 + 10T->C T to C at 4374 + 10 intron 23 splicing 4374 + 13A/G A or G at 4374 + 13 intron 23 sequence variation 4374 + 14A/G A or G at 4374 + 14 intron 23 sequence variation 4374 + 1G->A G to A at 4374 + 1 intron 23 mRNA splicing defect 4374 + 1G->T G to T at 4374 + 1 intron 23 mRNA splicing defect 4374_4374 + 1GG>TT 4374_4374 + 1GG>TT 23, mRNA splicing defect intron23 4375 − 15C/T C or T at 4375 − 15 intron 23 sequence variation 4375 − 1G->C G to C at 4375 − 1 intron 23 splicing mutation 4375 − 36delT deletion of T at 375 − 36 intron 23 sequence variation 4382delA deletion of A at 4382 24 frameshift 4404C/T C or T at 4404 24 sequence variation 441delA deletion of A at 441 and T to A at  4 frameshift 486 4428insGA insertion of GA after 4428 24 frameshift 444delA deletion of A at 444  4 frameshift 4464 C/T C to T at 4464 24 sequence variation 451del8 deletion of GCTTCCTA from 451  4 frameshift 4521G/A G or A at 4521 24 sequence variation 4557 G/A G to A at 4557 24 sequence variation (Leu at 1475 no change) 4563T/C T or C at 4563 24 sequence variation 4575 + 2G->A G to A at 4575 + 2 intron 24 Splicing 457TAT->G TAT to G at 457  4 frameshift 458delAT deletion of AT at 458  4 frameshift 4608 − 4638del31 31bp deletion between 4608 and intron 24 sequence variation 4638 460delG deletion of G at 460  4 frameshift −461A->G A to G at −461 promotor Sequence variation 4655T->G T to G at 4655 intron 24 sequence variation 465G/A G or A at 465  4 sequence variation 4700T8/9 8T or 9T at 4700 intron 24 sequence variation −471delAGG deletion of AGG from −471 promotor promoter mutation 489 C/T C to T at 489  4 sequence variation 489delC deletion of C at 489  4 frameshift 48C/G C or G at 48 promotor sequence variation 492G/A G or A at 492  4 sequence variation 519delT T deleted  4 frameshift 525delT deletion of T at 525  4 frameshift 541del4 deletion of CTCC from 541  4 frameshift 541delC deletion of C at 541  4 frameshift 545T/C T or C at 545  4 sequence variation 546insCTA insertion of CTA at 546  4 frameshift 547insGA insertion of GA between  4 Frameshift; a premature stop nucleotides 547 and 548 codon appears 15 codons further. 547insTA insertion of TA after 547  4 frameshift 549C/T C to T at 549  4 sequence variation (His at 139 no change) 552insA insertion of A after 552  4 frameshift 556delA deletion of A at 556  4 frameshift 557delT deletion of T at 557  4 frameshift 565delC deletion of C at 565  4 frameshift 574delA deletion of A at 574  4 frameshift 576InsCTA Insert CTA at 576  4 In frame in/del −589G/A G or A at −589 Promoter Sequence Variation 591del18 deletion of 18 bp from 591  4 deletion of 6 a.a. from 605insT insertion of T after 605  4 frameshift 612T/A T or A at 612 (together with  4 sequence variation Y161S) 621 + 1G->T G to T at 621 + 1 intron 4 mRNA splicing defect 621 + 2T->C T to C at 621 + 2 intron 4 mRNA splicing defect 621 + 2T->G T to G at 621 + 2 intron 4 mRNA splicing defect 621 + 31C/G C or G at 621 + 31 intron 4 sequence variation 621 + 3A->G A to G at 621 + 3 intron 4 mRNA splicing defect 621G->A G to A at 621  4 mRNA splicing defect 622 − 103A/G A or G at 622 − 103 intron 4 sequence variation 622 − 116A/G A or G at 622 − 116 intron 4 sequence variation 622 − 152G/C G or C at 622 − 152 intron 4 sequence variation 622 − 16 T/C 622 − 16 T > C intron 4 sequence variation 622 − 1G->A G to A at 622 − 1 intron 4 mRNA splicing defect 622 − 2A->C A to C at 622 − 2 intron 4 mRNA splicing defect 622 − 2A->G A to G at 622 − 2 intron 4 mRNA splicing defect 624delT deletion of T at 624  5 frameshift 650delATAAA Deletion of ATAAA at 650  5 Frameshift 657delA deletion of A at 657  5 frameshift 663delT deletion of T at 663  5 frameshift 675del4 deletion of TAGT from 675  5 frameshift 676A/G A or G at 676  5 sequence variation 681delC deletion of C at 681  5 frameshift 710_711 + 5del7 Deletion of AAGTATG between  5 710 and 711 + 5 711 + 1G->T G to T at 711 + 1 intron 5 mRNA splicing defect 711 + 34A->G A to G at 711 + 34 intron 5 mRNA splicing defect 711 + 3A->C A to C at 711 + 3 intron 5 mRNA splicing defect 711 + 3A->G A to G at 711 + 3 intron 5 mRNA splicing defect 711 + 3A->T A to T at 711 + 3 intron 5 mRNA splicing defect 711 + 5G->A G to A at 711 + 5 intron 5 mRNA splicing defect 712 − 1G->T G to T at 712 − 1 intron 5 mRNA splicing defect 712 − 92T/A T or A at 712 − 92 intron 5 sequence variation 733delG Deletion of G at 733  6a Frameshift 741C/T C or T at 741  6a sequence variation −741T->G T to G at −741 promotor promoter mutation 759A/G (A209A)) A or G at 759  6a sequence variation (Ala at 209 no change) −790T9/8 9T or 8T at −790 promotor sequence variation 795G/A G to A at 795  6a Sequence variation. No change −816C->T C to T at −816 promotor promoter mutation −816delCTC deletion of CTC at −816 promotor sequence variation −834T/G T or G at −834 promotor sequence variation 852del22 deletion of 22 bp from 852  6a frameshift 873C/T C or T at 873  6a sequence variation 874Ins TACA Insertion of 4 bp (TACA) at 874  6a stop codon at amino acid 257 in exon 6b 875 + 1G->A G to A at 875 + 1 intron 6a mRNA splicing defect 875 + 1G->C G to C at 875 + 1 intron 6a mRNA splicing defect 875 + 40A/G A or G at 875 + 40 intron 6a sequence variation 876 − 10del8 deletion of 8 bp from 876 − 10 intron 6a mRNA splicing defect 876 − 14del12 deletion of 12 bp from 876 − 14 intron 6a mRNA splicing defect 876 − 3C->T C to T at 876 − 3 intron 6a splicing mutation 876 − 8A->C 876 − 8A > C intron 6a mRNA splicing defect −895T/G T or G at −895 upstream of the promotor sequence variation cap site 905delG deletion of G at 905  6b frameshift −912dupT deletion of T at nucleotide −912 promotor Sequence variation 935delA deletion of A at 935  6b frameshift 936delTA deletion of TA from 936  6b frameshift −94G->T G to T at −94 promotor promoter mutation 977insA insertion of A after 977  6b frameshift 989 − 992insA Insertion of A at 989 − 992  6b Frameshift 991del5 deletion AACTT from 991 or  6b frameshift CTTAA from 993 994del9 deletion of TTAAGACAG from 994  6b mRNA splicing defect 99C/T C or T at 99 promotor sequence variation A1006E C to A at 3149 17a Ala to Glu at 1006 A1009T G to A at 3157 17a Ala to Thr at 1009 A1025D C to A at 3206 17a Substitution of alanine to aspartic acid at position 1025 A1067D C to A at 3332 17b Ala to Asp at 1067 A1067G C to G at 3332 17b Ala to Gly at 1067 A1067P G to C at 3331 17b Ala en Pro at 1067 A1067T G to A at 3331 17b Ala to Thr at 1067 A1067V C to T at 3332 17b Ala to Val at 1067 A107G C to G at 452  4 Ala to Gly at 107 A1081P G to C at 3373 17b Ala to Pro at 1081 A1087P G to C at 3391 17b Ala to Pro at AS 1087 A1136T G to A at 3538 18 Ala to Thr at 1136 A120T G to A at 490  4 Ala to Thr at 120 A120V C to T at 491  4 Ala to Val at 120 A1319E C to A at 4088 21 Ala to Glu at 1319 A1364V C to T at 4223 22 Ala to Val at 1364 CBAVD A141D C to A at 554  4 Ala to Asp at 141 A155P G to C at 595  4 Ala to Pro at 155 A198P G to C at 724  6a Ala to Pro at 198 A209S G to T at 757  6a Ala to Ser at 209 A238V C to T at 845  6a Ala to Val at 238 A299T G to A at 1027  7 Ala to Thr at 299 A309A (1059C/G) C or G at 1059  7 sequence variation A309D C to A at 1058  7 Ala to Asp at 309 A309G C to G at 1058  7 Ala to Gly at 309 A309T G to A at 1057  7 Ala to Thr at 309 A309V C to T at 1058  7 Ala to Val at 309 A349V C to T at 1178  7 Ala to Val at 349 A399D C to A at 1328  8 Ala to Asp at 399 A399V C to T at 1328  8 Ala to Val at 399 A455E C to A at 1496  9 Ala to Glu at 455 A46D C to A at 269  2 Ala to Asp at 46 A534E C to A at 1733 11 Ala to Glu at 534 A559E C to A at 1808 11 Ala to Glu at 559 A559T G to A at 1807 11 Ala to Thr at 559 A559V C to T at 1808 11 Ala to Val at 559 A561E C to A at 1814 12 Ala to Glu at 561 A566T G to A at 1828 12 Ala to Thr at 566 A613T G to A at 1969 13 Ala to Thr at 613 A72D C to A at 347  3 Ala to Asp at 72 A72T G to A at 346  3 Ala to Thr at 72 A800G C to G at 2531 13 Ala to Gly at 800 A959V C to T at 3008 15 Ala to Val at 959 A96E C to A at 419  4 Ala to Glu at 96 C225R T to C at 805  6a Cys to Arg at 225 C225X T to A at 807  6a Cys to Stop at 225 C276X C to A at 960  6b Cys to Stop at 276 C491R T to C at 1603 10 Cys to Arg at 491 C524X C to A at 1704 10 Cys to Stop at 524 C866R T to G at 2728 14a Cys to Arg at 866 C866S T to A at 2728 14a Cys to Ser at 866 C866Y G to A at 2729 14a Cys to Tyr at 866 CF25kbdel Complex deletion/rearrangement intron 3 CFTR40kbdel deletion of exons 4-10 4, 5, 6a, large deletion from intron 3 to 6b, 7, 8, intron 10 9, 10 CFTR40kbdel deletion of exons 4-10 4, 5, 6a, large deletion from intron 3 to 6b, 7, 8, intron 10 9, 10 CFTR50kbdel complex deletion involving exons 4, 5, 6a, complex deletion 4-7 and 11-18 6b, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14a, 14b, 15, 16, 17a, 17b, 18 CFTRdele1 Deletion of exon 1 from nucleotide  1 A small peptide of 17 residues 136 (codons 2-18) to intron 1 if translation starts at the same nucleotide + 69 and insertion of an ATG or another protein inverted and complementary (possibly CFTR-like) if another sequence of intron 1 (nucleotide ATG is choosen. 185 + 4191 to + 4488) and addition of a G at the junction. CFTRdele11-16Ins35bp Gross deletion of 47.5 kb going 11, 12, The in-frame deletion of exons from IVS10 + 12 to IVS16 + 403 13, 14a, 11 to 16 was predicted to that removed exons 11 to 16 14b, 15, result in a protein lacking inclusive, together with an 16 amino acids 529 to 996; this insertion of 35 bp includes the carboxy terminal end of NBD1, the entire regulatory R domain and transmembrane-spanning regions TM7 and TM8. CFTRdele1-24 deletion of the whole CFTR gene 1, 2, 3, 4, absence of CFTR expression. 5, 6a, 6b, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14a, 14b, 15, 16, 17a, 17b, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 CFTRdele14a deletion of >=1.2 kb including 14a aberrant mRNA splicing exon 14a CFTRdele14b-17b 9890 bp deletion 14b, 15, Removes 5 coding exons 16, 17a, 17b CFTRdele14b-18 deletion of 20 kb from exons 14b 14b, 15, deletion of amino acids 874-1156 through 18 16, 17a, 17b, 18 CFTR-dele 16-17a-17b 3040 + 1085_3499 + 260del7201 16, 17a, Large in frame deletion 17b removing exons 16, 17a, 17b CFTRdele16-17b deletion of 7kb starting at intron 15 16, 17a, large deletion from intron 15 to 17b intron 17b CFTRdele17b18 deletion of exons 17b and 18 17b, 18 frameshift CFTRdele19 deletion of 5.3kb, removing exon 19 19 CFTRdele1Ins299bp This indel involved the deletion of  1 119 bp extending from coding position 4 (A of the ATG- translation initiation codon being defined as 1) to IVS1 + 69 that removed nearly the entire coding sequence of exon 1, and the insertion of 299 bp at the deletion junction CFTRdele1 or 136_185 + 69del119bpins299bp 1, intron 1 Deletion of exon 1 from 136del119ins299 nucleotide 136 (codons 2-18) to intron 1 nucleotide + 69 and insertion of an inverted and complementary sequence of intron 1 (nucleotide 185 + 4191 to + 4488) and addition of a G at the junction. A small peptide of 17 residues if translation starts at the same ATG or another protein (possibly CFTR-like) if another ATG is choosen. CFTRdele2 deletion of exon 2  2 frameshift CFTR-dele2 186-1161_296 + 1603del2875  2 Large in frame deletion removing exon2 CFTRdele21 deletion of exon 21 21 large deletion from exon 21 CFTRdele2-10 deletion of 95.7 kb starting in 2, 3, 4, 5, frameshift intron 1 6a, 6b, 7, 8, 9, 10 CFTRdele22, 23 This deletion extends from 22, 23 The loss of exons 22 and 23 nucleotide − 78 of intron 21 (the was in-frame and was end of intron 21 being defined as − predicted to result in a CFTR 1) to nucleotide + 577 of intron 23 protein lacking amino acids (the beginning of intron 23 being 1322 to 1414; this constitutes defined as + 1) with a loss of 1532 the carboxy terminal end of nucelotides the newly defined nucleotide- binding domain (NBD) 2 of the protein CFTRdele2, 3 deletion of exons 2 and 3 2, 3 frameshift CFTRdele3-10, 14b-16 Complex deletion involving exons 3, 4, 5, Complex deletion 3-10 and 14b-16 6a, 6b, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14b, 15, 16 CFTRdele3-10, 14b-16 Complex deletion involving exons 3, 4, 5, Complex deletion 3-10 and 14b-16 6a, 6b, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14b, 15, 16 CFTRdele4-6aIns6bp Deletion of 18, 654 bp 4, 5, 6a This large deletion disrupted encompassing exons 4, 5, and 6a, the reading frame of the together with an insertion of 6 bp protein CFTRdele4Ins41bp Gross deletion of 8, 165 bp  4 This deletion was in-frame and spanning exon 4, together with an was predicted to lead to the insertion of 41 bp synthesis of a protein lacking amino acids 92-163, a stretch that includes a part of TM1 and the the entire TM2 CFTRdup10_18 Duplication of exons 10 to 18 10, 11 The position and orientation of 12, 13, the duplicated region have not 14a, 14b, been determined. However, 15, 16, given the classical CF 17a, 17b, phenotype, it is hypothesized 18 that it is located inside the CFTR gene. CFTRdup11_13 Duplication of exons 11 to 13 11, 12 The position and orientation of 13 the duplicated region have not been determined. CFTRdup1-3 Duplication of exons 1 to 3 1, 2, 3 Large rearrangement. The break points and orientation are being assessed CFTRdup4-8 Duplication of exons 4 to 8 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Complex rearrangement. The position and orientation of the duplicated region is not determined so far. However, given the classical CF phenotype, it is hypothesized that it is located inside the CFTR gene. Complex repeats intron sequence variation 17b D110E C to A at 462  4 Asp to Glu at 110 D110H G to C at 460  4 Asp to His at 110 D110N G to A at 460  4 Asp to Asn at 110 D110Y G to T at 460  4 Asp to Tyr at 110 D1152H G to C at 3586 18 Asp to His at 1152 D1154G A to G at 3593 18 Asp to Gly at 1154 (CBAVD) D1154Y G to T at 3592 18 Asp to Tyr at 1154 D1168G A to G at 3635 19 Asp to Gly at 1168 D1270N G to A at 3940 20 Asp to Asn at 1270 D1270Y G to T at 3940 20 Asp to Tyr at 1270 D1305E T to A at 4047 21 Asp to Glu at 1305 D1312G A to G at 4067 21 Asp to Gly at 1312 D1377H G to C at 4261 22 Asp to His at 1377 D1445N G to A at 4465 24 Asp to Asn at 1445 D192G A to G at 707  5 Asp to Gly at 192 D192N G to A at 706  5 Asp to Asn at 192 D36N G to A at 238  2 Asp to Asn at 36 D373E T to G at 1251  8 Asp to Glu a 373 D443Y G to T at 1459  9 Asp to Tyr at 443 D44G A to G at 263  2 Asp to Gly at 44 D513G A to G at 1670 10 Asp to Gly at 513 (CBAVD) D529G A to G at 1718 11 Asp to Gly at 529 D529H G to C at 1717 11 Asp to His at 529 D537E C to A or C to G at 1743 11 Asp to Glu at 537 D565G A to G at 1826 12 Asp to Gly at 565 D572N G to A at 1846 12 Asp to Asn at 572 D579A A to C at 1868 12 Asp to Ala at 579 D579G A to G at 1868 12 Asp to Gly at 579 D579Y G to T at 1867 12 Asp to Tyr at 579 D58G A to G at 305  3 Asp to Gly at 58 D58N G to A at 304  3 Asp to Asn at 58 D614G A to G at 1973 13 Asp to Gly at 614 D614Y G to T at 1972 13 Asp to Tyr at 614 D639Y G to T at 2047 13 Asp to Tyr at 639 D651H G to C at 2083 13 Asp to His at 651 D651N G to A at 2083 13 Asp to Asn at 651 D674V A to T at 2153 13 Asp to Val at 674 D806G A to G at 2549 13 Asp to Gly at 806 D828G A to G at 2615 13 Asp to Gly at 828 D836Y G to T at 2638 14a Asp to Tyr at 836 D891G A to G at 2804 15 Asp to Gly at 891 D924N G to A at 2902 15 Asp to Asn at 924 D979A A to C at 3068 16 Asp to Ala at 979 (CBAVD) D979V A to T at 3068 16 Asp to Val at 979 D985H G to C at 3085 16 Asp to His at 985 D985Y G to T at 3085 16 Asp to Tyr at 985 D993G A to G at 3110 16 Asp to Gly at 993 D993Y G to T at 3109 16 Asp to Tyr at 993 delePr-3 Large deletion promotor, 1, 2, 3 delEx2-6b 185 + 2909_1002 − 2, intron The deletion of exons 2 to 6b 1620del155429ins17 ((insertion of 2, 3, is in frame and would lead to GTACTCAACAGCTCTAG (SEQ intron 3, remove 272 residues. ID NO: 11)) 4, intron 4, 5, intron 5, 6a, intron 6a, 6b, intron 6b delEx2-9 c.53 + 9?711_1392 + 1, intron Large deletion of exons 2-9 2?670del61?634 1, 2, (intron 1 to intron 9), out of intron 2, frame 3, intron 3, 4, intron 4, 5, intron 5, 6a, intron 6a, 6b, intron 6b, 7, intron 7, 8, intron 8, 9, intron 9 Del exon 17a-17b Deletion of exons 17a-17b 17a, 17b Truncation of CFTR protein in TM2. Del exon 17a-17b-18 Deletion of exons 17a-18 17a, 17b, in-frame deletion, joining of 18 exons 16 to 19; deletion of terminal domain of TM2. Del exon 22-23 Deletion of exons 22-23 22, 23 In-frame deletion that is predicted to remove the terminal part of NBD2 Del exon 22-24 Deletion of Exons 22, 23, 24 22, 23, Predicted Removal of terminal 24 portion of CFTR protein Del exon 2-3 Deletion of exons 2, 3 2, 3 Predicted truncation of the CFTR Protein Del exon 4-6a Deletion of exons 4, 5, 6a 4, 5, 6a Predicted truncation of the CFTR protein in TM1. Del Pr-Ex1 Deletion of Promoter, Exon 1 promotor, 1 Predicted Removal of CFTR gene expression and ATG start Codon. Del Pr-Ex1-Ex2 Deletion of Promoter, Exon 1, promotor, Predicted Removal of CFTR Exon 2 1, 2 gene expression and ATG start Codon. [delta]D192 deletion of TGA or GAT from 706  5 deletion of Asp at 192 or 707 [delta]E115 3 bp deletion of 475-477  4 deletion of Glu at 115 [delta]F311 deletion of 3 bp between 1059 and  7 deletion of Phe310, 311 or 1069 312 [delta]F508 deletion of 3 bp between 1652 and 10 deletion of Phe at 508 1655 [delta]I507 deletion of 3 bp between 1648 and 10 deletion of Ile506 or Ile507 1653 [delta]L1260 deletion of ACT from either 3909 20 deletion of Leu at 1260 or or 3912 1261 [delta]L453 deletion of 3 bp between 1488 and  9 deletion of Leu at 452 or 454 1494 [delta]M1140 deletion of 3 bp between 3550 and 18 deletion of Met at 1140 3553 [delta]T339 deletion of 3 bp between 1148 and  7 deletion of Thr at 1140 1150 dup1716 + 51->61 duplication of 11 bp at 1716 + 51 intron 10 sequence variation Dup ex 6b-10 (gIVS6a + A duplication of exons 6b-10. The 6b, 7, 8, Out-of-frame fusion of exon 10 415_IVS10 + duplication is 26817 bp long. 9, 10 to exon 6b 2987Dup26817bp) E1104X G to Tat 3442 17b Glu to Stop at 1104 E1123del Deletion of AAG at 3503-3505 18 deletion of Glu at 1123 E116K G to A at 478  4 Glu to Lys at 116 E116Q G to C at 478  4 Glu to Gln at 116 E1228G A to G at 3815 19 Glu to Gly at 1228 E1308X G to T at 4054 21 Glu to Stop at 1308 E1321Q G to C at 4093 21 Glu to Gln at 1321 E1371X G to T at 4243 22 Glu to Stop at 1371 E1401G A to G at 4334 23 Glu to Gly at 1401 E1401K G to A at 4333 23 Glu to Lys at 1401 E1401X G to T at 4333 23 Glu to Stop at 1401 E1409K G to A at 4357 23 Glu to Lys at 1409 E1409V A to T at 4358 23 Glu to Val at 1409 E1418X G to T at 4384 (GAG->TAG) 24 Glu to Stop at 1418 E1473X G to T at 4549 24 Glu to Stop at 1473 E193K G to A at 709  5 Glu to Lys at 193 E193X G to T at 709  5 Glu to Stop at 193 E217G A to G at 782  6a Glu to Gly at 217 E278del deletion of AAG from 965  6b deletion of Glu at 278 E279D A to T at 969  6b Glu to Asp at 279 E279D A to T at 969  6b Glu to Asp at 279 E292K G to A at 1006  7 Glu to Lys at 292 E379K G to A at 1267  8 Glu to Lys at 379 E379X G to T at 1267  8 Glu to Stop at 379 E403D G to C at 1341  8 Glu to Asp at 403 E407V A to T at 1352  9 Glu to Val at 407 E474K G to A at 1552 10 Glu to Lys at 474 E479X G to T at 1567 10 Glu to Stop at 479 E504Q G to C at 1642 10 Glu to Gln at 504 E504X G to T at 1642 10 Glu to Stop at 504 E527G A to G at 1712 10 Glu to Gly at 527 E527Q G to C at 1711 10 Glu to Gln at 527 E528D G to T at 1716 10 Glu to Asp at 528 (splice mutation) E528K G to A at 1714 10 Glu to Lys at 528 E56K G to A at 298  3 Glu to Lys at 56 E585X G to T at 1885 12 Glu to Stop at 585 E588V A to T at 1895 12 Glu to Val at 588 E608G A to G at 1955 13 Glu to Gly at 608 E60K G to A at 310  3 Glu to Lys at 60 E60X G to T at 310  3 Glu to Stop at 60 E656X G to T at 2098 13 Glu to Stop at 656 E664X G to T at 2122 13 Glu to Stop at 664 E672del deletion of 3 bp between 2145-2148 13 deletion of Glu at 672 E692X G to T at 2206 13 Glu to Stop at 692 E725K G to A at 2305 13 Glu to Lys at 725 E730X G to T at 2320 13 Glu to Stop at 730 E7X G to T at 151  1 Glu to Stop at 7 E822K G to A at 2596 13 Glu to Lys at 822 E822X G to T at 2596 13 Glu to Stop at 822 E823X G to T at 2599 13 Glu to Stop at 823 E826K G to A at 2608 13 Glu to Lys at 826 E827X G to T at 2611 13 Glu to Stop at 827 E831X G to T at 2623 14a Glu to Stop at 831 E92D A to T at 408(GAA->GAT)  4 Gly to Asp at 92 E92K G to A at 406  4 Glu to Lys at 92 E92X G to T at 406  4 Glu to Stop at 92 F1016S T to C at 3179 17a Phe to Ser at 1016 F1052V T to G at 3286 17b Phe to Val at 1052 F1074L T to A at 3354 17b Phe to Leu at 1074 F1166C T to G at 3629 19 Phe to Cys at 1166 F1257L T to G at 3903 20 Phe to Leu at 1257 F1286S T to C at 3989 20 Phe to Ser at 1286 F1300L T to C at 4030 21 Phe to Leu at 1300 F1337V T to G at 4141 22 Phe to Val at 1337 (CBAVD) F200I T to A at 730  6a Phe to Ile at 200 F305V T to G at 1045  7 Phe 305 Val F311L C to G at 1065  7 Phe to Leu at 311 F316L T to G at 1080  7 Phe to Leu at 316 F508C T to G at 1655 10 Phe to Cys at 508 F508S T to C at 1655 10 Phe to Ser at 508 F587I T to A at 1891 12 Phe to Ile at 587 F693L(CTT) T to C at 2209 13 Phe to Leu at 693 F693L(TTG) T to G at 2211 13 Phe to Leu at 693 F87L T to C at 391  3 Phe to Leu at 87 F932S T to C at 2927 15 Phe to Ser at 932 F994C T to G at 3113 16 Phe to Cys at 994 G1003E G to A at 3140 17a Gly to Glu at 1003 G1003X G to T at 3139 17a Gly to Stop at 1003 G103X G to T at 439  4 Gly to Stop at 103 G1047D G to A at 3272 17b Gly to Asp at 1047 and mRNA splicing defect (CBAVD) G1047R G to C at 3271 17a Gly to Arg at 1047 G1061R G to C at 3313 17b Gly to Arg at 1061 G1069R G to A at 3337 17b Gly to Arg at 1069 G1123R G to C at 3499 17b Gly to Arg at 1123 mRNA splicing defect G1127E G to A at 3512 18 Gly to Glu at 1127 G1130A G to C at 3521 18 Gly to Ala at 1130 G1237S G to A at 3841 19 Gly to Ser at 1237 G1244E G to A at 3863 20 Gly to Glu at 1244 G1244R G to A at 3862 20 Gly to Arg at 1244 G1244V G to T at 3863 20 Gly to Val at 1244 G1247R(G->A) G to A at 3871 20 Gly to Arg at 1247 G1247R(G->C) G to C at 3871 20 Gly to Arg at 1247 G1249E G to A at 3878 20 Gly to Glu at 1249 G1249R G to A at 3877 20 Gly to Arg at 1249 G126D G to A at 509  4 Gly to Asp at 126 G1349D G to A at 4178 22 Gly to Asp at 1349 G1349S G to A at 4177 22 Gly to Ser at 1349 G149R G to A at 577  4 Gly to Arg at 149 G149V G to T at 578  4 Gly to Val at 149 G178E G to A at 665  5 Gly to Glu at 178 G178R G to A at 664  5 Gly to Arg at 178 G194R G to A at 712  6a Gly to Arg at 194 G194V G to T at 713  6a Gly to Val at 194 G213V G to T at 771  6a Gly to Val at 213 G239R G to A at 847  6a Gly to Arg at 239 G241R G to A at 853  6a Gly to Arg at 241 G27E G to A at 212  2 Gly to Glu at 27 G27R G to A at 211  6b Gly to Arg at 27 G27R(211G to C) G to C at 211  2 Gly to Arg at 27 G27X G to T at 211  2 Gly to Stop at 27 G314E G to A at 1073  7 Gly to Glu at 314 G314R G to C at 1072  7 Gly to Arg at 314 G314V G to T at 1073  7 Gly to Val at 314 G330X G to T at 1120  7 Gly to Stop at 330 G424S G to A at 1402  9 Gly to Ser at 424 G458V G to T at 1505  9 Gly to Val at 458 G480C G to T at 1570 10 Gly to Cys at 480 G480D G to A at 1571 10 Gly to Asp at 480 G480S G to A at 1570 10 Gly to Ser at 480 G486X G to T at 1588 10 Gly to Stop at 486 G542X G to T at 1756 11 Gly to Stop at 542 G544S G to A at 1762 11 Gly to Ser at 544 G544V G to T at 1763 11 Gly to Val at 544 (CBAVD) G550R G to A at 1780 11 Gly to Arg at 550 G550X G to T at 1780 11 Gly to Stop at 550 G551D G to A at 1784 11 Gly to Asp at 551 G551S G to A at 1783 11 Gly to Ser at 551 G576A G to C at 1859 12 Gly to Ala at 576 (CAVD) G576X G to T at 1858 12 Gly to Stop at 576 G622D G to A at 1997 13 Gly to Asp at 622 (oligospermia) G628R(G->A) G to A at 2014 13 Gly to Arg at 628 G628R(G->C) G to C at 2014 13 Gly to Arg at 628 G673X G to T at 2149 13 Gly to Stop at 673 G723V G to T at 2300 13 Gly to Val at 723 G745X(Gly745X) G to T at 2365 13 Non-sense mutation G85E G to A at 386  3 Gly to Glu at 85 G85V G to T at 386  3 Gly to Val at 85 G91R G to A at 403  3 Gly to Arg at 91 G970D G to A at 3041 16 Gly to Asp at 970 G970R G to C at 3040 15 Gly to Arg at 970 G970S G to A at 3040 15 Gly to Ser at 970 H1054D C to G at 3292 17b His to Asp at 1054 H1054 L A to T at 3293 17b His to Leu at 1054 H1054R A to G at 3293 17b His to Arg at 1054 H1079P A to C at 3368 17b His to Pro at 1079 H1085R A to G at 3386 17b His to Arg at 1085 H1375P A to C at 4256 22 His to Pro at 1375 H139L A to T at 548  4 His to Leu at 139 H139R A to G at 548  4 His to Arg at 139 H146R A to G at 569  4 His to Arg at 146 (CBAVD) H199Q T to G at 729  6a His to Gln at 199 H199R A to G at 728  6a His to Arg at 199 H199Y C to T at 727  6a His to Tyr at 199 H484R A to G at 1583 10 His to Arg at 484 H484Y C to T at 1582 10 His to Tyr at 484 (CBAVD) H609L A to T at 1958 13 His to Leu at 609 H609R A to G at 1958 13 His to Arg at 609 H620P A to C at 1991 13 His to Pro at 620 H620Q T to G at 1992 13 His to Gln at 620 H939D C to G at 2947 15 His to Asp at 939 H939R A to G at 2948 15 His to Arg at 939 H949L A to T at 2978 15 His to Leu at 949 H949R A to G at 2978 15 His to Arg at 949 H949Y C to T at 2977 15 His to Tyr at 949 I1005R T to G at 3146 17a Ile to Arg at 1005 I1027T T to C at 3212 17a Ile to Thr at 1027 I1051V A to G at 3283 17b Ile to Val at 1051 I105N T to A at 446  4 Ile to Asn at 105 I1139V A to G at 3547 18 Ile to Val at 1139 I119V A to G at 487  4 Iso to Val at 119 I1230T T to C at 3821 19 Ile to Thr at 1230 I1234L A to C at 3832 19 sequence variation I1234V A to G at 3832 19 Ile to Val at 1234 I125T T to C at 506  4 Ile to Thr at 125 I1269N T to A at 3938 20 Ile to Asn at 1269 I1328T T to C at 4115 22 Ile to Thr at 1328 I132M T to G at 528  4 Ile to Met at 132 (sequence variation) I1366T T to C at 4229 22 Ile to Thr at 1366 I1398S T to G at 4325 23 Ile to Ser at 1398 I148N T to A at 575  4 Ile to Asn at 148 I148T T to C at 575  4 Ile to Thr at 148 I175V A to G at 655  5 Ile to Val at 175 I177T T to C at 662  5 Ile to Thr at 177 I203M C to G at 741  6a Ile to Met at 203 I285F A to T at 985  6b Ile to Phe at 285 I331N T to A at 1124  7 Ile to Asn at 331 I336K T to A at 1139  7 Ile to Lys at 336 I340N T to A at 1151  7 Ile to Asn at 340 I444S T to G at 1463  9 Ile to Ser at 444 I444T T to C at 1463  9 Ile to Thr at 444 I497V A to G at 1621 10 Ile to Val at 497 I502N T to A at 1637 10 Ile to Asn at 502 I502T T to C at 1637 10 Ile to Thr at 502 I506L A to C at 1648 10 Ile to Leu at 506 I506S T to G at 1649 10 Ile to Ser at 506 I506T T to C at 1649 10 Ile to Thr at 506 I506V (1648A/G) A or G at 1648 10 Ile or Val at 506 I539T T to C at 1748 11 Ile to Thr at 539 I556V A to G at 1798 11 Ile to Val at 556 (mutation) I586V A to G at 1888 12 Ile to Val at 586 I601F A to T at 1933 13 Ile to Phe at 601 I618T T to C at 1985 13 Ile to Thr at 618 I752S T to G at 2387 (ATC->AGC) 13 Ileu to Ser at 752 I807M A or G at 2553 13 sequence variation I807V A to G at 2551 13 Ile to Val at 807 I840T T to C at 2651 14a Ile to Thr at 840 I918M T to G at 2886 15 Ile to Met at 918 I980K T to A at 3071 16 Ile to Lys at 980 I980M A to G at 3072 16 Ile to Met at 980 I991V A to G at 3103 16 Ile to Val at 991 IVS14a + 17del5 5 bp deletion between 2751 + 17 intron sequence variation and 2751 + 24 14a K1060T A to C at 3311 17b Lys to Thr at 1060 K1080R A to G at 3371 17b Lys to Arg at 1080 K114X A to T at 472  4 Lys to Stop at 114 K1177R A to G at 3662 19 Lys to Arg at 1177 K1177X A to T at 3661 19 Lys to Stop at 1177 (premature termination) K1302R A to G at 4037 (AAA->AGA)  4 Lys to Arg at 1302 K1351E A to G at 4183 22 Lys to Glu at 1351 (CBAVD) K14X A to T at 172  1 Lys to Stop at 14 K162E A to G at 616  4 Lys to Glu at 162 K166Q A to G at 628  5 Lys to Gln at 166 K464N G to T at 1524  9 Lys to Asn at 464; mRNA splicing defect K536X A to T at 1738 11 Lys to Stop codon at 536 K598X A to T at 1924 13 Lys to Stop at 598 K64E A to G at 322  3 Lys tu Glu at 64 K683R A to G at 2180 13 Lys to Arg at 683 K688X A to T at 2194 13 Lys to Stop at 688 K68E A to G at 334  3 Lys to Glu at 68 K68N A to T at 336  3 Lys to Asn at 68 K710X A to T at 2260 13 Lys to Stop at 710 K716X AA to GT at 2277 and 2278 13 Lys to Stop at 716 K830X A to T at 2620 13 Lys to Stop at 830 K946X A to T at 2968 15 Lys to Stop at 946 L101S T to C at 434  4 Leu to Ser at 101 L101X T to G at 434  4 Leu to Stop at 101 L102P T to C at 437  4 Leu to Pro at 102 L102R T to G at 437  4 Leu to Arg at 102 L1059L (3309A/G) A or G at 3309 17b sequence variation L1059X T to G at 3308 17b Leu to Stop at 1059 L1065F C to T at 3325 17b Leu to Phe at 1065 L1065P T to C at 3326 17b Leu to Pro at 1065 L1065R T to G at 3326 17b Leu to Arg at 1065 L1077P T to C at 3362 17b Leu to Pro at 1077 L1093P T to C at 3410 17b Leu to Pro at 1093 L1096R T to G at 3419 17b Leu to Arg at 1096 L1156F G to T at 3600 18 Leu to Phe at 1156 L1227S T to C at 3812 19 Leu to Ser at 1227 L1254X T to G at 3893 20 Leu to Stop at 1254 L1260R T to G at 3911 20 Leu to Arg at 1260 L127X T to G at 512  4 Leu to Stop at 127 L130V C to G at 520  4 Leucine to Valine at 130 L1324P T to C at 4103 22 Leu to Pro at 1324 L1335F C to T at 4135 22 Leu to Phe at 1335 L1335P T to C at 4136 22 Leu to Pro at 1335 L1339F C to T at 4147 22 Leu to Phe at 1339 L137H T to A at 542  4 Leu to His at 137 L137P T to C at 542  4 Leu to Pro at 137 (sequence variation) L137R T to G at 542  4 Leu to Arg at 137 L1388Q T to A at 4295 23 Leu to Gln at 1388 (CBAVD) L1388V C to G at 4294 23 Leu to Val at 1388 L138ins insertion of CTA, TAC or ACT at  4 insertion of leucine at 138 nucleotide 544, 545 or 546 L1414S T to C at 4373 23 Leu to Ser at 1414 L145H T to A at 566  4 Leu to His at 145 L1480P T to C at 4571 24 Leu to Pro a 1480 L159S T to C at 608  4 Leu to Ser at 159 L159X T to A at 608  4 Leu to Stop at 159 L15P T to C at 176  1 Leu to Pro at 15 L165S T to C at 626  5 Leu to Ser at 165 L183I C to A at 679  5 Leu to Ile at 183 L206F G to T at 750  6a Leu to Phe at 206 L206W T to G at 749  6a Leu to Trp at 206 L210P T to C at 761  6a Leu to Pro at 210 L218X T to A at 785  6a Leu to Stop at 218 L227R T to G at 812  6a Leu to Arg at 227 L24F G to C at 204  2 Leu to Phe at 24 L293M C to A at 1009  7 Leu to Met at 293 L320F A to T at 1092  7 Leu to Phe at 320 L320V T to G at 1090  7 Leu to Val at 320 CAVD L320X T to A at 1091  7 Leu to Stop at 320 L327R T to G at 1112  7 Leu to Arg at 327 L346P T to C at 1169  7 Leu to Pro at 346 L365P T to C at 1226  7 Leu to Pro at 365 L375F A to C at 1257  8 Leu to Phe at 375 (CUAVD) L383L (1281G/A) G or A at 1281  8 sequence variation L383S T to C at 1280  8 Leu to Ser at 383 L468P T to C at 1535 10 Leu to Pro at 468 L548Q T to A at 1775 11 Leu to Gln at 548 L558S T to C at 1805 11 Leu to Ser at 558 L568F G to T at 1836 12 Leu to Phe at 568 (CBAVD) L568X T to A at 1835 12 Leu to Stop at 568 L571S T to C at 1844 12 Leu to Ser at 571 L594P T to C at 1913 13 Leu to Pro at 594 L610S T to C at 1961 13 Leu to Ser at 610 L619S T to C at 1988 13 Leu to Ser at 619 L61P T to C at 314  3 Leucine to Proline at position 61 L633I C to A at 2029 13 Leu to Ile at 633 L633P T to C at 2030 13 Leu to Pro at 633 L636P T to C at 2039 13 Leu to Pro at 636 L719X T to A at 2288 13 Leu to Stop at 719 L732X T to G at 2327 13 Leu to Stop at 732 L829L (2619A/G) A or G at 2619 13 sequence variation L867X T to A at 2732 14a Leu to Stop at 867 L88S T to C at 395  3 Leu to Ser at 88 L88X(T->A) T to A at 395  3 Leu to Stop at 88 L88X(T->G) T to G at 395  3 Leu to Stop at 88 L90S T to C at 401  3 Leu to Ser at 90 L927P T to C at 2912 15 Leu to Pro at 927 L967S T to C at 3032 15 Leu to Ser at 967 (oligospermia) L973F TC to AT at 3048 and 3049 16 Leu to Phe at 973 (CBAVD) L973H T to A at 3050 16 Leu to His at 973 L973P T to C at 3050 16 Leu to Pro at 973 L997F G or C at 3123 17a Leu or Phe at 997 (sequence variation) M1028I G to T at 3216 17a Met to Ile at 1028 M1028R T to G at 3215 17a Met to Arg at 1028 M1101K T to A at 3434 17b Met to Lys at 1101 M1101R T to G at 3434 17b Met to Arg at 1101 M1105R T to G at 3446 17b Met to Arg at 1105 M1137R T to G at 3542 18 Met to Arg at 1137 M1137T T to C at 3542 18 Met to Thr at 1137 M1137V A to G at 3541 18 Met to Val at 1137 M1140K T to A at 3551 18 Met to Lys at 1140 M1210I G to A at 3762 19 Met to Ile at 1210 M1210K T to A at 3761 19 Met to Lys at 1210 M1407T T to C at 4352 23 Met to Thr at 1407 M152L A to T at 586  4 Met to Leu at 152 M152R T to G at 587  4 Met to Arg at 152 M152V A to G at 586  4 Met to Val at 152 (mutation) M1I(ATA) G to A at 135  1 no translation initiation M1I(ATT) G to T at 135  1 no translation initiation M1K T to A at 134  1 no translation initiation M1L A to C at 133  1 Met to Leu at 1 M1T T to C at 134  1 Met to Thr at 1 M1V A to G at 133  1 no translation initiation M243L A to C at 859  6a Met to Leu at 243 (ATG to CTG) M244K T to A at 863  6a Met to Lys at 244 M265R T to G at 926  6b Met to Arg at 265 M281T T to C at 974  6b Met to Thr at 281 M348K T to A at 1175  7 Met to Lys at 348 M348T T to C at 1175  7 Met to Thr at 348 M348V A to G at 1174  7 Met to Val at AS 348 M394R T to G at 1313  8 Met to Arg at 394 M469V A to G 1537 10 Met to Val at 469 M470V A or G at 1540 10 sequence variation M498I G to C at 1626 10 Met (ATG) to Ileu (ATC) at 498 M595I G to A at 1917 13 Met to Ile at 595 M595T T to C at 1916 13 Met to Thr at 595 M82V A to G at 376  3 Met to Val at 82 M952I G to C at 2988 15 Met to Ile at 952 CBAVD mutation M952T T to C at 2987 15 Met to Thr at 952 M961I G to T at 3015 15 Met to Ile at 961 N1088D A to G at 3394 17b Asn to Asp at 1088 N113I A to T at 470  4 Asn to Ile N1148K C to A at 3576 18 Asn to Lys at 1148 N1148S A to G at 3575 18 Asn to Ser at 1148 N1195T A to C at 3716 19 Asn to Thr at 1195 N1303H A to C at 4039 21 Asn to His at 1303 N1303I A to T at 4040 21 Asn to Ile at 1303 N1303K C to G at 4041 21 Asn to Lys at 1303 N1432K C to G at 4428 24 sequence variation N186K C to A at 690  5 Asn to Lys at 186 N187K C to A at 693  5 Asn to Lys at 187 N189K C to A at 699  5 Asn to Lys at 189 N189S A to G at 698  5 Asn to Ser at 189 N287Y A to T at 991  6b Asn to Tyr at 287 N369Y A to T at 1318  8 Asn to Tyr at 396 N416S A to G at 1379  9 Asn to Ser at 416 N418S A to G at 1385  9 Asn to Ser at 418 N66S A to G at 329  3 Asn to Ser at 66 N782K C to A at 2478 13 Asn to Lys at 782 N900T A to C at 2831 15 Asn to Thr at 900 P1013H C to A at 3170 17a Pro to His at 1013 P1013L C to T at 3170 17a Pro to Leu at 1013 P1021A C to G at 3193 17a Pro to Ala at 1021 P1021S C to T at 3193 17a Pro to Ser at 1021 (CBAVD) P1072L C to T at 3347 17b Pro to Leu at 1072 P111A C to G at 463  4 Pro to Ala at 111 P111L C to T at 464  4 Pro to Leu at 111 P1290P (4002A/G) A or G at 4002 20 sequence variation P1290S C to T at 4000 20 Pro to Ser at 1290 P1290T C to A at 4000 20 Pro to Thr at 1290 P1306P (4050C/T) C or T at 4050 21 sequence variation P1372 L C to T at 4247 22 Pro to Leu at 1732 P1372T C to A 4246 22 Pro to Thr at 1372 P140L C to T at 551  4 Pro to Leu at 140 P140S C to T at 550  4 Pro to Ser at 140 P205R C to G at 746  6a Pro to Arg at 205 P205S C to T at 745  6a Pro to Ser at 205 P324L C to T at 1103  7 Pro to Leu at 324 P355S C to T at 1195  7 Pro to Ser at 355 P439S C to T at 1447  9 Pro to Ser at 439 P499A C to G at 1627 10 Pro to Ala at 499 (CBAVD) P574H C to A at 1853 12 Pro to His at 574 P574S C to T at 1852 12 Pro to Ser at 574 P5L C to T at 146  1 Pro to Leu at 5 P67L C to T at 332  3 Pro to Leu at 67 P750L C to T at 2381 13 Pro to Leu at 750 P841R C to G at 2654 14a Pro to Arg at 841 P99L C to T at 428  4 Pro to Leu at 99 poly-T tract variations variable number (5T, 7T, 9T) of intron 8 sequence variation (3 variants thymidines at the poly-T tract of which IVS8-5T is affecting starting at position 1342-6 splicing of exon 9) Q1035X C to T at 3235 17a Nonsense mutation Q1042X C to T at 3256 17a Gln to Stop at 1042 Q1071H G to T at 3345 17b Gln to His at 1071 Q1071P A to C at 3344 17b Gln to Pro at 1071 Q1071X C to T at 3343 17b Gln to Stop at 1071 Q1100P A to C at 3431 17b Gln to Pro at 1100 Q1144X C to T at 3562 18 Gln to Stop at 1144 Q1186Q (3690A/G) A or G at 3690 19 sequence variation Q1186X C to T at 3688 19 Gln to Stop at 1186 Q1238R A to G at 3845 19 Gln to Arg at 1238 Q1238X C to T at 3844 19 Gln to Stop at 1238 Q1268R A to G at 3935 20 Gln to Arg at 1268 Q1281X C to T at 3973 20 Gln to Stop at 1281 Q1291H G to C at 4005 20 Gln to His at 1291; mRNA splicing defect Q1291R A to G at 4004 20 Gln to Arg at 1291 Q1291X C to T at 4003 20 Gln to Stop at 1291 Q1309H G to T at 4059 21 Gln to His at 1309 Q1313K C to A at 4069 21 Gln to Lys at 1313 Q1313X C to T at 4069 21 Gln to Stop at 1313 Q1352E C to G at 4186 22 Gln to Glu at 1352 Q1352H(G->C) G to C at 4188 22 Gln to His at 1352 Q1352H(G->T) G to T at 4188 22 Gln to His at 1352 Q1382X C to T at 4276 23 Gln to Stop at 1382 Q1390X 4300C > T 23 Gln to stop at 1390 Q1411X C to T at 4363 23 Gln to Stop at 1411 Q1412X C to T at 4366 23 Gln to Stop at 1412 Q1463H G to T at 4521 24 Gln to His a 1463 Q1476X C to T at 4558 24 Gln to Stop at 1476 Q151K C to A at 583 (CAG->AAG)  4 Gln to Lys at 151 Q151X C to T at 583  4 Gln to Stop at 151 Q179K C to A at 667  5 Gln to Lys at 179 Q207X C to T at 751  6a Gln to Stop at 207 Q220R A to G at 791  6a Gln to Arg at 220 Q220X C to T at 790  6a Gln to Stop at 220 Q237E C to G at 841  6a Gln to Glu at 237 Q290X C to T at 1000  6b Gln to Stop at 290 Q2X (together with C to T at 136 and A to T at 139  1 Gln to Stop at codon 2 and R3W) Arg to Trp at codon 3 Q30X C to T at 220  2 Gln to Stop at 30 Q353H A to C at 1191  7 Gln to His at 353 Q353X C to T at 1189  7 Gln to Stop at 353 Q359K/T360K C to A at 1207 and C to A at 1211  7 Glu to Lys at 359 and Thr to Lys at 360 Q359R A to G at 1208  7 Gln to Arg at 359 Q378R A to G at 1265  8 Gln to Arg at 378 Q39X C to T at 247  2 Gln to Stop at 39 Q414X C to T at 1372  9 Gln to Stop at 414 Q452P A to C at 1487  9 Gln to Pro at 452 Q493P A to C at 1610 10 Gln to Pro at 493 Q493R A to G at 1610 10 Gln to Arg at 493 Q493X C to T at 1609 10 Gln to Stop at 493 Q525X C to T at 1705 10 Gln to Stop at 525 Q552K C to A at 1786 11 Gln to Lys at 552 Q552X C to T at 1786 11 Gln to Stop at 552 Q634X C to T at 2032 13 Gln to Stop at 634 Q637X C to T at 2041 13 Gln to Stop at 637 Q685X C to T at 2185 13 Gln to Stop at 685 Q689X C to T at 2197 13 Gln to Stop at 689 Q715X C to T at 2275 13 Gln to Stop at 715 Q720X C to T at 2290 13 Gln to Stop at 720 Q781X C to T at 2473 13 Gln to Stop at 781 Q814X C to T at 2572 13 Gln to Stop at 814 Q890R A to G at 2801 15 Gln to Arg at 890 Q890X C to T at 2800 15 Gln to Stop at 890 Q98P A to C at 425  4 Gln to Pro at 98 Q98R A to G at 425  4 Gln to Arg at 98 Q98X C to T at 424  4 Gln to Stop at 98 (Pakistani specific) R1048G A to G at 3274 17b Arg to Gly a 1048 R1066C C to T at 3328 17b Arg to Cys at 1066 R1066H G to A at 3329 17b Arg to His at 1066 R1066L G to T at 3329 17b Arg to Leu at 1066 R1066S C to A at 3328 17b Arg to Ser at 1066 R1070P G to C at 3341 17b Arg to Pro at 1070 R1070Q G to A at 3341 17b Arg to Gln at 1070 R1070W C to T at 3340 17b Arg to Trp at 1070 R1102X A to T at 3436 17b Arg to Stop at 1102 R1128X A to T at 3514 18 Arg to Stop at 1128 R1158X C to T at 3604 19 Arg to Stop at 1158 R1162X C to T at 3616 19 Arg to Stop at 1162 R117C C to T at 481  4 Arg to Cys at 117 R117G C to G at 481  4 Arg to Gly at 117 R117H G to A at 482  4 Arg to His at 117 R117L G to T at 482  4 Arg to Leu at 117 R117P G to C at 482  4 Arg to Pro at 117 R1239S G to C at 3849 19 Arginine to Serine at 1239 R1283K G to A at 3980 20 Arg to Lys at 1283 R1283M G to T at 3980 20 Arg to Met at 1283 R1358S A to T at 4206 22 Arg to Ser at 1358 R1422W C to T at 4396 24 Arg to Trp at 1422 R1438W C to T at 4444 24 Arg to Try at 1438 R1453W C to T at 4489 24 Arg to Trp at 1453 R170C C to T at 640  5 Arg to Cys at 170 R170G C to G at 640  5 Arg to Gly at 170 R170H G to A at 641  5 Arg to His at 170 R248T G to C at 875  6a Arg to Thr at 248 (CBAVD) R258G A to G at 904  6b Arg to Gly at 258 R297Q G to A at 1022  7 Arg to Gln at 297 R297W C to T at 1021  7 Arg to Trp at 297 R31C C to T at 223  2 Arg to Cys at 31 R31L G to T at 224  2 Arg to Leu at 31 R334L G to T at 1133  7 Arg to Leu at 334 R334Q G to A at 1133  7 Arg to Gln at 334 R334W C to T at 1132  7 Arg to Trp at 334 R347C C to T at 1171  7 Arg to Cys at 347 R347H G to A at 1172  7 Arg to His at 347 R347L G to T at 1172  7 Arg to Leu at 347 R347P G to C at 1172  7 Arg to Pro at 347 R352G C to G at 1186  7 Arg to Gly at 352 R352Q G to A at 1187  7 Arg to Gln at 352 R352W C to T at 1186  7 Arg to Trp at 352 R516G A to G at 1678 10 Arg to Gly at 516 R553G C to G at 1789 11 Arg to Gly at 553 R553Q G to A at 1790 11 Arg to Gln at 553 (associated with [delta]F508; R553X C to T at 1789 11 Arg to Stop at 553 R555G A to G at 1795 11 Arg to Gly at 555 R55K G to A at 296  2 Arg to Lys at 55 R560G A to G at 1810 11 Ala to Gly at 560 R560K G to A at 1811 11 Arg to Lys at 560 R560S A to C at 1812 12 Arg to Ser at 560 R560T G to C at 1811 11 Arg to Thr at 560; mRNA splicing defect R600G A to G at 1930 13 Arg to Gly at 600 R668C C or T at 2134 13 sequence variation R709Q G to A at 2258 13 Arg to Gln at 709 R709X C to T at 2257 13 Arg to Stop at 709 R735K G to A at 2336 13 Arg to Lys at 735 R74Q G to A at 353  3 Arg to Gln at 74 R74W C to T at 352  3 Arg to Trp at 74 R751P G to C at 2384 13 Arg to Pro at 751 R75L G to T at 356  3 Arg to Leu at 75 R75Q G or A at 356  3 sequence variation R75X C to T at 355  3 Arg to Stop at 75 R764X C to T at 2422 13 Arg to Stop at 764 R766M G to T at 2429 13 Arg to Met at 766 R785X C to T at 2485 13 Arg to Stop at 785 R792G C to G at 2506 13 Arg to Gly at 792 R792X C to T at 2506 13 Arg to Stop at 792 R810G A to G at 2560 13 Arg to Gly at 810 R851L G to T at 2684 14a Arg to Leu at 851 R851X C to T at 2683 14a Arg to Stop at 851 R933G A to G at 2929 15 Arg to Gly at 933 R933S A to T at 2931 15 Arg to Ser at 933 (CBAVD) S108F C to T at 455  4 Ser to Phe at 108 S10R A to C at 160  1 Ser to Arg at 10 S1118C C to G at 3485 17b Ser to Cys at 1118 S1118F C to T at 3485 17b Ser to Phe at 1118 S1159F C to T at 3608 19 Ser to Phe at 1159 S1159P T to C at 3607 19 Ser to Pro at 1159 S1161R A to C at 3613 or C to G at 3615 19 Ser to Arg at 1161 S1196X C to G at 3719 19 Ser to Stop at 1196 S1206X C to G at 3749 19 Ser to Stop at 1206 S1206X(C > A) C to A at 3749 19 Ser to Stop at 1206 S1235R T to G at 3837 19 Ser to Arg at 1235 S1251N G to A 3884 20 Ser to Asn at 1251 S1255L C to T at 3896 20 Ser to Leu at 1255 S1255P T to C at 3895 20 Ser to Pro at 1255 S1255X C to A at 3896 and A to G at 3739 20 Ser to Stop at 1255 and Ile to in exon 19 Val at 1203 S1311R A to C at 4063 or T to A or G at 21 Ser to Arg at 1311 4065 S13F C to T at 170  1 Ser to Phe at 13 S1426F C to T at 4409 24 Ser to Phe at 1426 S1426P T to C at 4408 24 Ser to Pro at 1426 S1455X C to G at 4496 24 Ser to Stop at 1455 S158N G to A at 605  4 Ser to Asn at 158 S158R A to C at 604  4 Ser to Arg at 158 S158T G to C at 605  4 Ser to Thr at 158 S18G A to G at 184  1 Ser to Gly at 18 S307N G to A at 1052  7 Ser to Asn at 307 S313X C to A at 1070  7 Ser to Stop S321P T to C at 1093  7 Ser to Pro at 321 S341P T to C at 1153  7 Ser to Pro at 341 S364P T to C at 1222  7 Ser to Pro at 364 S42F C to T at 257  2 Ser to Phe at 42 S431G A to G at 1423  9 Ser to Gly a 431 S434X C to G at 1433  9 Ser to Stop at 434 S466L C to T at 1529 10 Ser to Leu at 466 (CBAVD) S466X(TAA) C to A at 1529 10 Ser to Stop at 466 S466X(TAG) C to G at 1529 10 Ser to Stop at 466 S485C A to T at 1585 10 Ser to Cys at 485 S489X C to A at 1598 10 Ser to Stop at 489 S492F C to T at 1607 10 Ser to Phe at 492 S4X C to A at 143  1 Ser to Stop at 4 S50P T to C at 280  2 Ser to Pro at 50 S50Y C to A at 281  2 Ser to Tyr at 50 (CBAVD) S519G A to G at 1687 10 Ser to Gly at 519 S549I G to T at 1778 11 Ser to Ile at 549 S549N G to A at 1778 11 Ser to Asn at 549 S549R(A->C) A to C at 1777 11 Ser to Arg at 549 S549R(T->G) T to G at 1779 11 Ser to Arg at 549 S573C C to G at 1850 12 Ser to Cys at 573 S589I G to T at 1898 12 Ser to Ile at 589 (splicing) S589N G to A at 1898 12 Ser to Asn at 589 (mRNA splicing defect) S660T T to A at 2110 13 Ser to Thr a 660 S686Y C to A at 2189 13 Ser to Tyr at 686 S712C C to G at 2267 13 Ser to Cys at 712 S737F C to T at 2342 13 missense S737F C to T at 2342 13 Ser to Phe at 737 S753R C to G at position 2391 13 Serine to arginine at 753 S776X C to G at 2459 13 Ser to Stop at 776 S813P T to C at 2569 13 Ser to Pro at 813 S895T G to C at 2816 15 Ser to Thr at 895 S902R C to G at 2838 15 Ser to Arg at 902 S911R A to C at 2863 or T to A or T to G 15 Ser to Arg at 911 at 2865 S912L C to T at 2867 15 Ser to Leu at 912 S912X C to A at 2867 15 Ser to Stop at 912 S945L C to T at 2966 15 Ser to Leu at 945 S977F C to T at 3062 16 Ser to Phe at 977 S977P T to C at 3061 16 Ser to Pro at 977 T1053I C to T at 3290 17b Thr to Ile at 1053 (CBAVD) T1057A A to G at 3301 17b Thr to Ala at 1057 T1086A A to G at 3388 17b Thr to Ala at 1086 T1086I C to T at 3389 17b Thr to Ile at 1086 T1142I C to T at 3557 18 Thr to Ile at 1142 T1246I C to T at 3869 20 Thr to Ile at 1246 (mutation) T1252P A to C at 3886 20 Thr to Pro at 1252 T1263A A to G at 3919 20 Thr to Ala at 1263 T1263I C to T at 3920 20 Thr to Ile at 1263 T1299I C to T at 4028 21 Thr to Ile at 1299 T338A A to G at 1144  7 Thr to Ala at 338 T338I C to T at 1145  7 Thr to Ile at 338 T351I C to T at 1184  7 Thr to Ile at 351 T351S C or G at 1184  7 sequence variation T360R C to G at 1211  7 sequence variation (Thr to Arg at 360) T388M C to T at 1295  8 Thr to Met at 388 (sequence variation) T388X AC to TA at 1294  8 Thr to Stop at 388 T501A A to G at 1633 10 Thr to Ala at 501 T582I C to T at 1877 12 Thr to Ile at 582 T582R C to G at 1877 12 Thr to Arg at 582 T582S A to T at 1876 12 Thr to Ser at 582 T599T (1929T/A) T or A at 1929 13 sequence variation T604I C to T at 1943 13 Thr to Ile at 604 T604S C to G at 1943 13 Thr to Ser at 604 T665S A to T at 2125 13 Thr to Ser at 665 T760M C to T at 2411 13 Thr to Met at 760 T788I C to T at 2495 13 Thr to Ile at 788 T896I C to T at 2819 15 Thr to Ile at 896 T908N C to A at 2855 15 Thr to Asn at 908 TAAA repeats 9 or 11 repeats of TAAA (SEQ ID intron 9 sequence variation NO: 12) at TTGA repeats 5-7 copies of repeat at around intron 6a sequence variation 876-31 V1008D T to A at 3155 17a Val to Asp at 1008 V1020E T to A at 3191 17a Val to Glu at 1020 V1108L G to C at 3454 17b Val to Leu at 1108 V1129G 3518T > G 18 Val to Gly at 1129 V1147I G to A at 3571 18 Val to Ile at 1147 V1153E T to A at 3590 18 Val to Glu at 1153 (CBAVD) V1190D T to A at 3701 19 Val to Asp at 1190 V1212I G to A at 3766 19 Val to Ile at 1212 V1240G T to G at 3851 20 Val to Gly at 1240 V1293I G to A at 4009 21 Val to Ile at 1293 V1318A T to C at 4085 21 Val to Ala at 1318 V1397E T to A at 4322 23 Val to Glu at 1397 V201M G to A at 733  6a Val to Met at 201 V232D T to A at 827  6a Val to Asp at 232 (CBAVD) V317A T to C at 1082  7 Val to Ala at 317 V322A T to C at 1097  7 Val to Ala at 322 (mutation) V322M (1096(G/A)) G or A at 1096  7 sequence variation V392A T to C at 1307  8 Val to Ala at 392 CAVD V392G T to G at 1307  8 Val to Gly at 392 V456A T to C at 1499  9 Val to Ala at 456 (sequence variation) V456F G to T at 1498  9 Val to Phe at 456 V520F G to T at 1690 10 Val to Phe at 520 V520I G to A at 1690 10 Val to Ile at 520 V562I G to A at 1816 12 Val to Ile at 562 V562L G to C at 1816 12 Val to Leu at 562 V603F G to T at 1939 13 Val to Phe at 603 V754M G to A at 2392 13 Val to Met at 754 V855I G to A at 2695 14a Val to Ile at 855 (sequence variation) V920L G to T at 2890 15 Val to Leu at 920 V920M G to A at 2890 15 Val to Met at 920 V922L G to C at 2896 15 Val to Leu at 922 V938G T to G at 2945 15 Val to Gly at 938 (CAVD) V938L G to C at 2944 15 Val to Leu at 938 W1063X G to A at 3321 17b Trp to Stop at 1063 W1089X G to A at 3398 17b Trp to Stop at 1089 W1098L G to T at 3425 17b Trp to Leu at 1098 W1098R T to C at 3424 17b Trp to Arg at 1098 W1098X(TAG) G to A at 3425 17b Trp to Stop at 1098 W1098X(TGA) G to A at 3426 17b Trp to Stop at 1098 W1145X G to A at 3567 18 Trp to Stop at 1154 W1204X(3743G->A) G to A at 3743 19 Trp to Stop at 1204 W1204X(3744G->A) G to A at 3744 19 Trp to Stop at 1204 W1274X G to A at 3954 20 Trp to Stop at 1274 W1282C G to T at 3978 20 Trp to Cys at 1282 W1282G T to G at 3976 20 Trp to Gly at 1282 W1282R T to C at 3976 20 Trp to Arg at 1282 W1282X G to A at 3978 20 Trp to Stop at 1282 W1310X G to A at 4061 21 Trp to Stop at 1310 W1316X G to A at 4079 21 Trp to Stop at 1316 W19C G to T at 189  2 Trp to Cys at 19 W19X G to A at 189  2 Trp to Stop at 19 W202X G to A at 738  6a Try to Stop at 202 W216C G to T at 780  6a Trp to Cys at 216 W216X G to A at 779  6a Trp to Stop at 216 W277R T to A at 961  6b Trp to Arg at 277 W356S G to C at 1199  7 Tryptophan to Serine at codon 356 W356X G to A at 1200  7 Trp to Stop at 356 W361R(T->A) T to A at 1213  7 Trp to Arg at 361 W361R(T->C) T to C at 1213  7 Trp to Arg at 361 W401X(TAG) G to A at 1334  8 Trp to Stop at 401 W401X(TGA) G to A at 1335  8 Trp to Stop at 401 W496X G to A at 1619 10 Trp to Stop at 496 W57G T to G at 301  3 Trp to Gly at 57 W57R T to C at 301  3 Trp to Arg at 57 W57X(TAG) G to A at 302  3 Trp to Stop at 57 W57X(TGA) G to A at 303  3 Trp to Stop at 57 W679X G to A at 2168 13 Trp to Stop at 679 W79R T to C at 367  3 Trp to Arg at 79 W79X G to A at 368  3 Trp to Stop at 79 W846X G to A at 2669 14a Trp to Stop at 846 W846X G to A at 2670 14a Trp to Stop at 846 (2670TGG > TGA) W882X G to A at 2777 14b Trp to Stop at 882 Y1014C A to G at 3173 17a Tyr to Cys at 1014 Y1032C A to G at 3227 17a Tyr to Cys at 1032 (CBAVD) Y1032N T to A at 3226 17a Tyr to Asn at 1032 Y1073C A to G at 3350 17b Tyr to Cys at 1073 Y1092C A to G at 3407 17b Tyr to Cys at 1092 Y1092H T to C at 3406 17b Tyr to His at 1092 Y1092X(C->A) C to A at 3408 17b Tyr to Stop at 1092 Y1092X(C->G) C to G at 3408 17b Tyr to Stop at 1092 Y109C A to G at 458  4 Tyr to Cys at 109 Y109N T to A at 457  4 Tyr to Asn at 109 Y109X T to A at 459  4 Tyr to Stop at 109 Y1182X C to G at 3678 19 Tyr to Stop at 1182 Y122C A to G at 497  4 Tyr to Cys at 122 Y122H T to C at 496  4 Tyr to His at 122 Y122X T to A at 498  4 Tyr to Stop at 122 Y1307C A to G at 4052 21 Tyr to Cys at 1307 Y1307X T to A at 4053 21 Tyr to Stop at 1307 Y1381H T to C at 4273 23 Tyr to His at 1381 Y1381X C to A at 4275 23 Tyr to Stop at 1381 Y161D T to G at 613  4 Tyr to Asp at 161 Y161N T to A at 613  4 Tyr to Asn at 161 Y161S A to C at 614 (together with  4 Tyr to Ser at 161 612T/A) Y247X C to G at 873  6a Tyr to Stop at 247 Y301C A to G at 1034  7 Tyr to Cys at 301 Y304X C to G at 1044  7 Tyr to Stop at 304 Y515H T to C at 1675 10 Tyr to His at 515 Y517C A to G at 1682 10 Tyr to Cys at 517 Y563C A to G at 1820 12 Tyr to Cys at 563 Y563D T to G at 1819 12 Tyr to Asp at 563 Y563N T to A at 1819 12 Tyr to Asn at 563 Y569C A to G at 1838 12 Tyr to Cys at 569 Y569D T to G at 1837 12 Tyr to Asp at 569 Y569H T to C at 1837 12 Tyr to His at 569 Y569X T to A at 1839 12 Tyr to Stop at 569 Y577F A to T at 1862 12 Tyr to Phe at 577 Y577Y (1863C/T) C or T at 1863 12 sequence variation (Tyr at 577 no change) Y849X C to A at 2679 14a Tyr to Stop at 849 Y84H T to C at 382  3 Tyr to His at 84 Y852X T to G at 2688 14a Tyr to Stop at 852 (Premature termination) Y89C A to G at 398  3 Tyr to Cys at 89 Y913C A to G at 2870 15 Tyr to Cys at 913 Y913X T to A at 2871 15 Tyr to Stop at 913 Y914C A to G at 2873 15 Tyr to Cys at 914 Y917C A to G at 2882 15 Tyr to Cys at 917 Y917D T to G at 2881 15 Tyr to Asp at 917 Y919C A to G at 2888 15 Tyr to Cys at 919 *Unless otherwise indicated, the numbers listed herein refer to exon numbers.

TABLE 2 CFTR Mutants and Their Disease Association. SWISS-PROT Length Feature Table Position(s) (aa) Description and disease association Identifier 31 1 R → L in CF. Ref.44 VAR_000103 42 1 S → F in CF. Ref.48 VAR_000104 44 1 D → G in CF. VAR_000105 50 1 S → Y in CBAVD. Ref.54 VAR_000107 57 1 W → G in CF. Ref.42 VAR_000108 67 1 P → L in CF. VAR_000109 74 1 R → W in CF. VAR_000110 85 1 G → E in CF. Ref.58 VAR_000112 87 1 F → L in CF. Ref.39 VAR_000113 91 1 G → R in CF. VAR_000114 92 1 E → K in CF. Ref.26 Ref.29 VAR_000115 98 1 Q → R in CF. Ref.46 VAR_000116 105 1 I → S in CF. VAR_000117 109 1 Y → C in CF. Ref.37 VAR_000118 110 1 D → H in CF. VAR_000119 111 1 P → L in CBAVD. Ref.69 VAR_000120 117 1 R → C in CF. Ref.26 Ref.48 VAR_000121 Ref.58 Ref.65 117 1 R → H in CF and CBAVD. VAR_000122 117 1 R → L in CF. Ref.26 Ref.48 VAR_000123 Ref.58 Ref.65 117 1 R → P in CF. Ref.26 Ref.48 VAR_000124 Ref.58 Ref.65 120 1 A → T in CF. Ref.38 VAR_000125 139 1 H → R in CF. Ref.48 VAR_000126 141 1 A → D in CF. Ref.56 VAR_000127 148 1 I → T in CF. dbSNP rs35516286. VAR_000128 149 1 G → R in CBAVD. Ref.40 VAR_000129 178 1 G → R in CF. VAR_000130 192 1 Missing in CF. Ref.65 VAR_000131 193 1 E → K in CBAVD and CF. VAR_000132 199 1 H → Q in CF. Ref.34 VAR_000133 199 1 H → Y in CF. Ref.34 VAR_000134 205 1 P → S in CF. Ref.30 VAR_000135 206 1 L → W in CF. Ref.43 VAR_000136 225 1 C → R in CF. VAR_000137 244 1 M → K in CBAVD. Ref.69 VAR_000138 258 1 R → G in CBAVD. Ref.40 VAR_000139 287 1 N → Y in CF. Ref.58 VAR_000140 297 1 R → Q in CF. VAR_000141 301 1 Y → C in CF. VAR_000142 307 1 S → N in CF. VAR_000143 311 1 F → L in CF. Ref.59 VAR_000144 311 1 Missing in CF. Ref.59 VAR_000145 314 1 G → E in CF. Ref.50 VAR_000146 314 1 G → R in CF. Ref.50 VAR_000147 334 1 R → W in CF; mild. VAR_000148 336 1 I → K in CF. VAR_000150 338 1 T → I in CF; mild; isolated VAR_000151 hypotonic dehydration. Ref.47 Ref.64 346 1 L → P in CF; dominant mutation VAR_000152 but mild phenotype. Ref.33 347 1 R → H in CF. VAR_000153 347 1 R → L in CF. VAR_000154 347 1 R → P in CF; MILD. VAR_000155 352 1 R → Q in CF. VAR_000156 359 1 Q → K in CF. VAR_000157 359-360 2 QT → KK in CF. VAR_000158 370 1 K → KNK in CF. VAR_000159 455 1 A → E in CF. Ref.58 VAR_000160 456 1 V → F in CF. VAR_000161 458 1 G → V in CF. VAR_000162 480 1 G → C in CF. VAR_000165 492 1 S → F in CF. VAR_000166 504 1 E → Q in CF. VAR_000167 507 1 Missing in CF. VAR_000170 508 1 Missing in CF and CBAVD; VAR_000171 most common mutation; 72% of the CF patients; CFTR fails to be properly delivered to plasma membrane. 513 1 D → G in CBAVD. Ref.68 VAR_000173 520 1 V → F in CF. Ref.23 VAR_000174 544 1 G → V in CBAVD. Ref.69 VAR_000175 549 1 S → N in CF. VAR_000176 549 1 S → I in CF. VAR_000177 549 1 S → R in CF. VAR_000178 551 1 G → D in CF. Ref.58 VAR_000179 551 1 G → S in CF. Ref.58 VAR_000180 553 1 R → Q in CF. VAR_000181 558 1 L → S in CF. VAR_000182 559 1 A → T in CF. VAR_000183 560 1 R → K in CF. Ref.63 VAR_000184 560 1 R → S in CF. Ref.63 VAR_000185 560 1 R → T in CF. Ref.63 VAR_000186 562 1 V → L in CF. Ref.53 VAR_000188 563 1 Y → N in CF. VAR_000189 569 1 Y → C in CF. Ref.51 Ref.63 VAR_000190 569 1 Y → D in CF. Ref.51 Ref.63 VAR_000191 569 1 Y → H in CF. Ref.51 Ref.63 VAR_000192 571 1 L → S in CF. VAR_000193 572 1 D → N in CF. Ref.45 VAR_000194 574 1 P → H in CF. VAR_000195 579 1 D → G in CF. Ref.42 Ref.70 VAR_000197 601 1 I → F in CF. VAR_000198 610 1 L → S in CF. VAR_000199 613 1 A → T in CF. VAR_000200 614 1 D → G in CF. VAR_000201 618 1 I → T in CF. VAR_000202 619 1 L → S in CF. Ref.34 VAR_000203 620 1 H → P in CF. VAR_000204 620 1 H → Q in CF. VAR_000205 622 1 G → D in oligospermia. VAR_000206 628 1 G → R in CF. VAR_000207 633 1 L → P in CF. VAR_000208 648 1 D → V in CF. VAR_000209 651 1 D → N in CF. VAR_000210 665 1 T → S in CF. Ref.49 VAR_000211 754 1 V → M in CF. VAR_000214 766 1 R → M in CBAVD. VAR_000215 792 1 R → G in CBAVD. VAR_000216 800 1 A → G in CBAVD. Ref.40 VAR_000217 807 1 I → M in CBAVD. dbSNP VAR_000218 rs1800103. 822 1 E → K in CF. VAR_000219 826 1 E → K in thoracic sarcoidosis. VAR_000220 866 1 C → Y in CF. VAR_000221 912 1 S → L Ref.32 VAR_000222 913 1 Y → C in CF. VAR_000223 917 1 Y → C in CF. VAR_000224 949 1 H → Y in CF. Ref.32 VAR_000225 952 1 M → I in CF. VAR_000226 997 1 L → F in CF. dbSNP rs1800111. VAR_000227 1005 1 I → R in CF. Ref.34 VAR_000228 1006 1 A → E in CF. Ref.48 VAR_000229 1013 1 P → L in CF. Ref.60 VAR_000230 1028 1 M → I in CF. Ref.60 VAR_000231 1052 1 F → V in CF. Ref.28 VAR_000232 1061 1 G → R in CF. Ref.28 Ref.52 VAR_000233 1065 1 L → P in CF. Ref.32 Ref.66 VAR_000234 1065 1 L → R in CF. Ref.32 Ref.66 VAR_000235 1066 1 R → C in CF. Ref.28 Ref.57 VAR_000236 1066 1 R → H in CF. Ref.28 Ref.57 VAR_000237 1066 1 R → L in CF. Ref.28 Ref.57 VAR_000238 1067 1 A → T in CF. VAR_000239 1070 1 R → Q in CF. Ref.28 Ref.58 VAR_000241 1070 1 R → P in CF. Ref.28 Ref.58 VAR_000242 1071 1 Q → P in CF. Ref.32 VAR_000243 1072 1 P → L in CF. VAR_000244 1077 1 L → P in CF. VAR_000245 1085 1 H → R in CF. Ref.28 VAR_000246 1098 1 W → R in CF. Ref.44 VAR_000247 1101 1 M → K in CF. Ref.27 Ref.28 VAR_000248 1137 1 M → V in CF. VAR_000249 1140 1 Missing in CF. Ref.55 VAR_000250 1152 1 D → H in CF. VAR_000251 1234 1 I → V in CF. VAR_000254 1235 1 S → R in CF. VAR_000255 1244 1 G → E in CF. VAR_000256 1249 1 G → E in CF. Ref.35 VAR_000257 1251 1 S → N in CF. VAR_000258 1255 1 S → P in CF. Ref.25 VAR_000259 1270 1 D → N in CF. dbSNP rs11971167. VAR_000260 1282 1 W → R in CF. VAR_000261 1283 1 R → M in CF. Ref.24 VAR_000262 1286 1 F → S in CF. VAR_000263 1291 1 Q → H in CF. Ref.23 Ref.34 VAR_000264 1291 1 Q → R in CF. Ref.23 Ref.34 VAR_000265 1303 1 N → H in CF. Ref.58 VAR_000266 1303 1 N → K in CF. Ref.58 VAR_000267 1349 1 G → D in CF. VAR_000268 1364 1 A → V in CBAVD. Ref.69 VAR_000269 1397 1 V → E in CF. 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In other aspects, the invention provides methods of making and using the novel cells and cell lines expressing CFTR (e.g., wild type or mutant CFTR). In other aspects, the cells and cell lines of the invention can be used to screen for modulators of CFTR function, including modulators that are specific for a particular form (e.g., mutant form) of CFTR, e.g., modulators that affect CFTR's chloride ion conductance function or CFTR's response to forskolin. These modulators are useful as therapeutics that target, for example, mutant CFTRs in disease states or tissues. CFTR-associated diseases and conditions include, without limitation, cystic fibrosis, lung diseases (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary and pulmonary edema), gastrointestinal conditions (e.g., CF pathologies, bowel cleaning, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, diarrhea, cholera, viral gastroenteritis, malabsorption syndromes, and short bowel syndrome), endocrinal conditions (e.g., pancreatic dysfunction in CF patients), infertility (e.g., sperm motility and sperm capacitation problems and hostile cervical mucus), dry mouth, dry eye, glaucoma, and other deficiencies in regulation of mucosal and/or epithelial fluid absorption and secretion.

In various embodiments, the cell or cell line of the invention expresses CFTR at a consistent level of expression for at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200 days or over 200 days, where consistent expression refers to a level of expression that does not vary by more than: 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8% 9% or 10% over 2 to 4 days of continuous cell culture; 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% or 12% over 5 to 15 days of continuous cell culture; 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18% or 20% over 16 to 20 days of continuous cell culture; 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24% over 21 to 30 days of continuous cell culture; 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28% or 30% over 30 to 40 days of continuous cell culture; 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28% or 30% over 41 to 45 days of continuous cell culture; 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28% or 30% over 45 to 50 days of continuous cell culture; 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30% or 35% over 45 to 50 days of continuous cell culture, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28% or 30% over 50 to 55 days of continuous cell culture, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30% or 35% over 50 to 55 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% or 40% over 55 to 75 days of continuous cell culture;1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45% over 75 to 100 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45% over 101 to 125 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45% over 126 to 150 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45% over 151 to 175 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45% over 176 to 200 days of continuous cell ulture; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45% over more than 200 days of continuous cell culture.

In some embodiments, the cells and cell lines of the invention express a CFTR wherein one or more physiological properties of the cells/cell lines remain(s) substantially constant over time. A physiological property includes any observable, detectable or measurable property of cells or cell lines apart from the expression of the CFTR.

In some embodiments, the expression of CFTR can alter one or more physiological properties. Alteration of a physiological property includes any change of the physiological property due to the expression of CFTR, e.g., a stimulation, activation, or increase of the physiological property, or an inhibition, blocking, or decrease of the physiological property. In these embodiments, the one or more constant physiological properties can indicate that the functional expression of the CFTR also remains constant.

The invention provides a method for culturing a plurality of cells or cell lines expressing a CFTR under constant culture conditions, wherein cells or cell lines can be selected that have one or more desired properties, such as stable expression of a CFTR and/or one or more substantially constant physiological properties.

In some embodiments where a physiological property can be measured, the physiological property is determined as an average of the physiological property measured in a plurality of cells or a plurality of cells of a cell line. In certain embodiments, a physiological property is measured over at least 10; 100; 1,000; 10,000; 100,000; 1,000,000; or at least 10,000,000 cells and the average remains substantially constant over time. In some embodiments, the average of a physiological property is determined by measuring the physiological property in a plurality of cells or a plurality of cells of a cell line wherein the cells are at different stages of the cell cycle. In other embodiments, the cells are synchronized with respect to cell cycle.

In some embodiments, a physiological property is observed, detected, measured or monitored on a single cell level. In certain embodiments, the physiological property remains substantially constant over time on a single cell level.

In certain embodiments, a physiological property remains substantially constant over time if it does not vary by more than 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% over 12 hours. In certain embodiments, a physiological property remains substantially constant over time if it does not vary by more than 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% over 1 day. In certain embodiments, a physiological property remains substantially constant over time if it does not vary by more than 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% over 2 days. In certain embodiments, a physiological property remains substantially constant over time if it does not vary by more than 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% over 5 days. In certain embodiments, a physiological property remains substantially constant over time if it does not vary by more than 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% over 10 days. In certain embodiments, a physiological property remains substantially constant over time if it does not vary by more than 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% over 20 days. In certain embodiments, a physiological property remains substantially constant over time if it does not vary by more than 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% over 30 days. In certain embodiments, a physiological property remains substantially constant over time if it does not vary by more than 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% over 40 days. In certain embodiments, a physiological property remains substantially constant over time if it does not vary by more than 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% over 50 days. In certain embodiments, a physiological property remains substantially constant over time if it does not vary by more than 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% over 60 days. In certain embodiments, a physiological property remains substantially constant over time if it does not vary by more than 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% over 70 days. In certain embodiments, a physiological property remains substantially constant over time if it does not vary by more than 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%;30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% over 80 days. In certain embodiments, a physiological property remains substantially constant over time if it does not vary by more than 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% over 90 days. In certain embodiments, a physiological property remains substantially constant over time if it does not vary by more than 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% over the course of 1 passage, 2 passages, 3 passages, 5 passages, 10 passages, 25 passages, 50 passages, or 100 passages.

Examples of cell physiological properties include, but are not limited to: growth rate, size, shape, morphology, volume; profile or content of DNA, RNA, protein, lipid, ion, carbohydrate or water; endogenous, engineered, introduced, gene-activated or total gene, RNA or protein expression or content; propensity or adaptability to growth in adherent, suspension, serum-containing, serum-free, animal-component free, shaken, stationary or bioreactor growth conditions; propensity or adaptability to growth in or on chips, arrays, microarrays, slides, dishes, plates, multiwell plates, high density multiwell plates, flasks, roller bottles, bags or tanks; propensity or adaptability to growth using manual or automated or robotic cell culture methodologies; abundance, level, number, amount or composition of at least one cell organelle, compartment or membrane, including, but not limited to cytoplasm, nucleoli, nucleus, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, vacuole, cytosol, lysosome, centrioles, chloroplasts, cell membrane, plasma cell membrane, nuclear membrane, nuclear envelope, vesicles (e.g., secretory vesicles), or membrane of at least one organelle; having acquired or having the capacity or propensity to acquire at least one functional or gene expression profile (of one or more genes) shared by one or more specific cell types or differentiated, undifferentiated or dedifferentiated cell types, including, but not limited to: a stem cell, a pluripotent cell, an omnipotent cell or a specialized or tissue specific cell including one of the liver, lung, skin, muscle (including but not limited to: cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, striatal muscle), pancreas, brain, testis, ovary, blood, immune system, nervous system, bone, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, gastro-intestinal tract, stomach, thyroid, tongue, gall bladder, kidney, nose, eye, nail, hair, taste bud cell or taste cell, neuron, skin, pancreas, blood, immune, red blood cell, white blood cell, killer T-cell, enteroendocrine cell, secretory cell, kidney, epithelial cell, endothelial cell, a human, animal or plant cell; ability to or capacity to uptake natural or synthetic chemicals or molecules including, but not limited to: nucleic acids, RNA, DNA, protein, small molecules, probes, dyes, oligonucleotides (including modified oligonucleotides) or fluorogenic oligonucleotides; resistance to or capacity to resist negative or deleterious effects of chemicals or substances that negatively affect cell growth, function or viability, including, but not limited to: resistance to infection, drugs, chemicals, pathogens, detergents, UV, adverse conditions, cold, hot, extreme temperatures, shaking, perturbation, vortexing, lack of or low levels of oxygen, lack of or low levels of nutrients, toxins, venoms, viruses or compound, treatment or agent that has an adverse effect on cells or cell growth; suitability for use in in vitro tests, cell based assays, biochemical or biological tests, implantation, cell therapy or secondary assays, including, but not limited to: large scale cell culture, miniaturized cell culture, automated cell culture, robotic cell culture, standardized cell culture, drug discovery, high throughput screening, cell based assay, functional cell based assay (including but not limited to membrane potential assays, calcium flux assays, reporter assays, G-protein reporter assays), ELISA, in vitro assays, in vivo applications, secondary testing, compound testing, binding assays, panning assays, antibody panning assays, phage display, imaging studies, microscopic imaging assays, immunofluorescence studies, RNA, DNA, protein or biologic production or purification, vaccine development, cell therapy, implantation into an organism, animal, human or plant, isolation of factors secreted by the cell, preparation of cDNA libraries, or infection by pathogens, viruses or other agent; and other observable, measurable, or detectable physiological properties such as: biosynthesis of at least one metabolite, lipid, DNA, RNA or protein; chromosomal silencing, activation, heterochromatization, euchromoatinization or recombination; gene expression, gene silencing, gene splicing, gene recombination or gene-activation; RNA production, expression, transcription, processing splicing, transport, localization or modification; protein production, expression, secretion, folding, assembly, transport, localization, cell surface presentation, secretion or integration into a cell or organelle membrane; protein modification including but not limited to post-translational modification, processing, enzymatic modification, proteolysis, glycosylation, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation; cell division including mitosis, meiosis or fission or cell fusion; high level RNA or protein production or yield.

Physiological properties may be observed, detected or measured using routine assays known in the art, including but not limited to tests and methods described in reference guides and manuals such as the Current Protocols series. This series includes common protocols in various fields and is available through the Wiley Publishing House. The protocols in these reference guides are illustrative of the methods that can be used to observe, detect or measure physiological properties of cells. The skilled worker would readily recognize any one or more of these methods may be used to observe, detect or measure the physiological properties disclosed herein.

Many markers, dyes or reporters, including protein markers expressed as fusion proteins comprising an autofluorescent protein, that can be used to measure the level, activity or content of cellular compartments or organelles including but not limited to ribosomes, mitochondria, ER, rER, golgi, TGN, vesicles, endosomes and plasma membranes in cells are compatible with the testing of individual viable cells. In some embodiments fluorescence activated cell sorting or a cell sorter can be used. In some embodiments, cells or cell lines isolated or produced to comprise a CFTR can be tested using these markers, dyes or reporters at the same time, subsequent, or prior to isolation, testing or production of the cells or cell lines comprising a CFTR. In some embodiments, the level, activity or content of one or more of the cellular compartments or organelles can be correlated with improved, increased, native, non-cytotoxic, viable or optimal expression, function, activity, folding, assembly modification, post-translational modification, secretion, cell surface presentation, membrane integration, pharmacology, yield or physiology of a CFTR. In some embodiments, cells or cell lines comprising the level, activity or content of at least one cellular compartment or organelle that is correlated with improved, increased, native, non-cytotoxic, viable or optimal expression, function, activity, folding, assembly modification, post-translational modification, secretion, cell surface presentation, membrane integration, pharmacology, yield or physiology of a CFTR can be isolated. In some embodiments, cells or cell lines comprising the CFTR and the level, activity or content of at least one cellular compartment or organelle that is correlated with improved, increased, native, non-cytotoxic, viable or optimal expression, function, activity, folding, assembly modification, post-translational modification, secretion, cell surface presentation, membrane integration, pharmacology, yield or physiology of the CFTR can be isolated. In some embodiments the isolation of the cells is performed using cell sorting or fluorescence activated cell sorting.

The nucleic acid encoding the CFTR can be genomic DNA or cDNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the CFTR comprises one or more substitutions, mutations, or deletions, as compared to a wild type CFTR (SEQ ID NO: 1), that may or may not result in an amino acid substitution. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is a fragment of the nucleic acid sequence provided. Such CFTR that are fragments or have such modifications retain at least one biological property of a CFTR, e.g., its ability to conduct chloride ions or be modulated by forskolin. The invention encompasses cells and cell lines stably expressing a CFTR-encoding nucleotide sequence that is at least about 85% identical to a sequence disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the CFTR-encoding sequence identity is at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher compared to a CFTR sequence provided herein. The invention also encompasses cells and cell lines wherein a nucleic acid encoding a CFTR hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid provided herein encoding the CFTR.

In some embodiments, the cell or cell line comprises a CFTR-encoding nucleic acid sequence comprising a substitution compared to a sequence provided herein by at least one but less than 10, 20, 30, or 40 nucleotides, up to or equal to 1%, 5%, 10% or 20% of the nucleotide sequence or a sequence substantially identical thereto (e.g., a sequence at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher identical thereto, or that is capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions to the sequences disclosed). Such substitutions include single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other allelic variations. In some embodiments, the cell or cell line comprises a CFTR-encoding nucleic acid sequence comprising an insertion into or deletion from the sequences provided herein by less than 10, 20, 30, or 40 nucleotides up to or equal to 1%, 5%, 10% or 20% of the nucleotide sequence or from a sequence substantially identical thereto.

In some embodiments, where the nucleic acid substitution or modification results in an amino acid change, such as an amino acid substitution, the native amino acid may be replaced by a conservative or non-conservative substitution (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 7). In some embodiments, the sequence identity between the original and modified polypeptide sequence can differ by about 1%, 5%, 10% or 20% of the polypeptide sequence or from a sequence substantially identical thereto (e.g., a sequence at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher identical thereto). Those of skill in the art will understand that a conservative amino acid substitution is one in which the amino acid side chains are similar in structure and/or chemical properties and the substitution should not substantially change the structural characteristics of the parent sequence. In embodiments comprising a nucleic acid comprising a mutation, the mutation may be a random mutation or a site-specific mutation.

Conservative modifications will produce CFTRs having functional and chemical characteristics similar to those of the unmodified CFTR. A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which an amino acid residue is substituted by another amino acid residue having a side chain R group with similar chemical properties to the parent amino acid residue (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity). In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change the functional properties of a protein. In cases where two or more amino acid sequences differ from each other by conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity or degree of similarity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Means for making this adjustment are well-known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., Pearson, Methods Mol. Biol. 243:307-31 (1994).

Examples of groups of amino acids that have side chains with similar chemical properties include 1) aliphatic side chains: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; 2) aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains: serine and threonine; 3) amide-containing side chains: asparagine and glutamine; 4) aromatic side chains: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; 5) basic side chains: lysine, arginine, and histidine; 6) acidic side chains: aspartic acid and glutamic acid; and 7) sulfur-containing side chains: cysteine and methionine. Preferred conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, glutamate-aspartate, and asparagine-glutamine. Alternatively, a conservative amino acid substitution is any change having a positive value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix disclosed in Gonnet et al., Science 256:1443-45 (1992). A “moderately conservative” replacement is any change having a nonnegative value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix.

The invention encompasses cells or cell lines that comprise a mutant form of CFTR. More than 1,000 CFTR mutations have been identified, and the cells or cell lines of the invention may comprise any of these mutants of CFTRs. Such cells, cell lines, and collections of cell lines are useful to determine the activity of a mutant CFTR and the differential activity of a modulator on different mutant CFTRs.

The invention further comprises cells or cell lines that co-express other proteins with CFTR. Such other proteins may be integrated into the host cell's genome, or gene-activated, or induced. They may be expressed sequentially (before or after) with respect to CFTR or co-transfected with CFTR on the same or different vectors. In some embodiments, the co-expressed protein may be any of the following: genetic modifiers of CFTR (e.g., α1-antitrypsin, glutathione S-transferase, mannose binding lectin 2 (MBL2), nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1), glutamine-cysteine ligase gene (GCLC), FCgamma receptor II (FCγRII)); AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), which phosphorylates and inhibits CFTR and may be important for airway inflammation and ischemia; transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), which downregulates CFTR expression such that co-expression of TGFβ1 and CFTR may allow for identifying modulators of this interaction; tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), which downregulates CFTR expression such that coexpression TNF-α and CFTR may allow for identifying blockers of this interaction; β adrenergic receptor, which colocalizes with CFTR at the apical membrane and the stimulation of a subtype of β adrenergic receptor (β₂) increases CFTR activity; syntaxin 1a, which inhibits CFTR chloride channels by means of direct and domain-specific protein-protein interactions and may have therapeutic uses; synaptosome-associated protein 23, which physically associates with and inhibits CFTR; an epithelial sodium ion channel (ENaC), i.e., SCNN1A, SCNN1B or SCNN1G, to study binding interactions that stabilize CFTR at the cell surface; PDZK1 (PDZ domain containing 1) (also referred as CFTR-associated protein of 70 kDa (CAP70)), which potentiates CFTR chloride current; the endocytic complex AP2, which interacts with CFTR and facilitates efficient entry of CFTR into clathrin-coated vesicles; cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase 2 (PRKG2), which is an upstream cGMP dependent kinase that phosphorylates and activates CFTR; protein kinase A and protein kinase C; protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A); guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 2-like 1 (RACK1); Rho family of GTPases; Rab GTPases, SNARE proteins; potassium channel proteins (e.g., ROMK1 and ROMK2); guanylyl cyclase c (GC-C or GUCY2C), which interacts with CFTR; chloride channel 2 (CLCN2 or CLC2), which is proposed to cause net Cl-efflux in gut such that coexpression of both CLCN2 and CFTR may allow for screens demonstrating maximal fluid efflux; solute carrier family 9 isoform A3 (NHE3-SLC9A3/sodium-hydrogen exchanger) or solute carrier family 26 isoform A3 (DRA-SLC26A3/sodium-hydrogen exchanger), to construct a rheostat biosensor for sodium intake/chloride efflux; cyclic nucleotide gated channel (CNGA2), which may be used as a HTS platform with a calcium readout; or a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP or variants thereof such as YFP H148Q/I152L) for usage in YFP halide quench assays.

In some embodiments, the CFTR-encoding nucleic acid sequence further comprises a tag. Such tags may encode, for example, a HIS tag, a myc tag, a hemagglutinin (HA) tag, protein C, VSV-G, FLU, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), mutant YFP (meYFP), green fluorescent protein (GFP), FLAG, BCCP, maltose binding protein tag, Nus-tag, Softag-1, Softag-2, Strep-tag, S-tag, thioredoxin, GST, V5, TAP or CBP. A tag may be used as a marker to determine CFTR expression levels, intracellular localization, protein-protein interactions, CFTR regulation, or CFTR function. Tags may also be used to purify or fractionate CFTR. One example of a tag is meYFP-H1480/I152L (SEQ ID NO: 5).

Host cells used to produce a cell or cell line of the invention may express endogenous CFTR in its native state or lack expression of any CFTR. The host cell may be a primary, germ, or stem cell, including but not being limited to an embryonic stem cell. The host cell may also be an immortalized cell. Primary or immortalized host cells may be derived from mesoderm, ectoderm or endoderm layers of eukaryotic organisms. The host cell may include but not be limited to endothelial, epidermal, mesenchymal, neural, renal, hepatic, hematopoietic, or immune cells. For example, the host cells may include but not be limited to intestinal crypt or villi cells, clara cells, colon cells, intestinal cells, goblet cells, enterochromafin cells, enteroendocrine cells. The host cells may include but not be limited to be eukaryotic, prokaryotic, mammalian, human, primate, bovine, porcine, feline, rodent, marsupial, murine or other cells. The host cells may also be nonmammalian, including but not being limited to yeast, insect, fungus, plant, lower eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Such host cells may provide backgrounds that are more divergent for testing CFTR modulators with a greater likelihood for the absence of expression products provided by the cell that may interact with the target. In preferred embodiments, the host cell is a mammalian cell. Examples of host cells that may be used to produce a cell or cell line of the invention include but are not limited to: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, established neuronal cell lines, pheochromocytomas, neuroblastomas fibroblasts, rhabdomyosarcomas, dorsal root ganglion cells, NS0 cells, CV-1 (ATCC CCL 70), COS-1 (ATCC CRL 1650), COS-7 (ATCC CRL 1651), CHO-K1 (ATCC CCL 61), 3T3 (ATCC CCL 92), NIH/3T3 (ATCC CRL 1658), HeLa (ATCC CCL 2), C127I (ATCC CRL 1616), BS-C-1 (ATCC CCL 26), MRC-5 (ATCC CCL 171), L-cells, HEK-293 (ATCC CRL1573) and PC12 (ATCC CRL-1721), HEK293T (ATCC CRL-11268), RBL (ATCC CRL-1378), SH-SY5Y (ATCC CRL-2266), MDCK (ATCC CCL-34), SJ-RH30 (ATCC CRL-2061), HepG2 (ATCC HB-8065), ND7/23 (ECACC 92090903), CHO (ECACC 85050302), Vero (ATCC CCL 81), Caco-2 (ATCC HTB 37), K562 (ATCC CCL 243), Jurkat (ATCC TIB-152), Per.C6 (Crucell, Leiden, The Netherlands), Huvec (ATCC Human Primary PCS 100-010, Mouse CRL 2514, CRL 2515, CRL 2516), HuH-7D12 (ECACC 01042712), 293 (ATCC CRL 10852), A549 (ATCC CCL 185), IMR-90 (ATCC CCL 186), MCF-7 (ATC HTB-22), U-2 OS (ATCC HTB-96), T84 (ATCC CCL 248), or any established cell line (polarized or nonpolarized) or any cell line available from repositories such as the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, 10801 University Blvd. Manassas, Va. 20110-2209 USA) or European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC, Salisbury Wiltshire SP4 0JG England). Host cells used to produce a cell or cell line of the invention may be in suspension. For example, the host cells may be adherent cells adapted to suspension.

In certain embodiments, the methods described herein rely on the genetic variability and diversity in a population of cells, such as a cell line or a culture of immortalized cells. In particular, provided herein are cells, and methods for generating such cells, that express a CFTR endogenously, i.e., without the introduction of a nucleic acid encoding a CFTR. In certain embodiments, the isolated cell expressing the CFTR is represented by not more than 1 in 10, 1 in 100, 1 in 1000, 1 in 10,000, 1 in 100,000, 1 in 1,000,000 or 1 in 10,000,000 cells in a population of cells. The population of cells can be primary cells harvested from organisms. In certain embodiments, the population of cells is not known to express CFTR. In certain embodiments, genetic variability and diversity may also be increased using natural processes known to a person skilled in the art. Any suitable methods for creating or increasing genetic variability and/or diversity may be performed on host cells. In some cases, genetic variability may be due to modifications in regulatory regions of a gene encoding for CFTR. Cells expressing a particular CFTR can then be selected as described herein.

In other embodiments, genetic variability may be achieved by exposing a cell to UV light and/or x-rays (e.g., gamma-rays). In other embodiments, genetic variability may be achieved by exposing cells to EMS (ethyl methane sultonate). In some embodiments, genetic variability may be achieved by exposing cells to mutagens, carcinogens, or chemical agents. Non-limiting examples of such agents include deaminating agents such as nitrous acid, intercalating agents, and alkylating agents. Other non-limiting examples of such agents include bromine, sodium azide, and benzene. In specific embodiments, genetic variability may be achieved by exposing cells to growth conditions that are sub-optimal; e.g., low oxygen, low nutrients, oxidative stress or low nitrogen. In certain embodiments, enzymes that result in DNA damage or that decrease the fidelity of DNA replication or repair (e.g. mismatch repair) can be used to increase genetic variability. In certain embodiments, an inhibitor of an enzyme involved in DNA repair is used. In certain embodiments, a compound that reduces the fidelity of an enzyme involved in DNA replication is used. In certain embodiments, proteins that result in DNA damage and/or decrease the fidelity of DNA replication or repair are introduced into cells (co-expressed, injected, transfected, electroporated).

The duration of exposure to certain conditions or agents depend on the conditions or agents used. In some embodiments, seconds or minutes of exposure is sufficient. In other embodiments, exposure for a period of hours, days or months are necessary. The skilled artisan will be aware what duration and intensity of the condition can be used.

In some cases, a method that increases genetic variability may produce a mutation or alteration in a promoter region of a gene that leads to a change in the transcriptional regulation of the CFTR gene, e.g., gene activation, wherein the gene is more highly expressed than a gene with an unaltered promoter region. Generally, a promoter region includes a genomic DNA sequence upstream of a transcription start site that regulates gene transcription, and may include the minimal promoters and/or enhancers and/or repressor regions. A promoter region may range from about 20 basepairs (bps) to about 10,000 bps or more. In specific embodiments, a method that increases gene variability produces a mutation or alteration in an intron of a CFTR gene that leads to a change in the transcriptional regulation of the gene, e.g., gene activation wherein the gene is more highly expressed than gene with an unaltered intron. In certain embodiments, untranscribed genomic DNA is modified. For example, promoter, enhancer, modifier, or repressor regions can be added, deleted, or modified. In these cases, transcription of a CFTR transcript that is under control of the modified regulatory region can be used as a read-out. For example, if a repressor is deleted, the transcript of the CFTR gene that is repressed by the repressor is tested for increased transcription levels.

In certain embodiments, the genome of a cell or an organism can be mutated by site-specific mutagenesis or homologous recombination. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotide- or triplex-mediated recombination can be employed. See, e.g., Faruqi et al., 2000, Molecular and Cellular Biology 20:990-1000 and Schleifman et al., 2008, Methods Molecular Biology 435:175-90.

In certain embodiments, fluorogenic oligonucleotide probes or molecular beacons can be used to select cells in which the genetic modification has been successful, i.e., cells in which the transgene or the gene of interest is expressed. To identify cells in which a mutagenic or homologous recombination event has been successful, a fluorogenic oligonucleotide that specifically hybridizes to the mutagenized or recombined CFTR transcript can be used.

Once cells that endogenously express CFTR are isolated, these cells can be immortalized and cell lines generated. These cells or cell lines can be used with the assays and screening methods disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, the host cell is an embryonic stem cell that is then used as the basis for the generation of transgenic animals. Embryonic stem cells stably expressing CFTR, and preferably a functional introduced CFTR, may be implanted into organisms directly, or their nuclei may be transferred into other recipient cells and these may then be implanted, or they may be used to create transgenic animals.

As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, any vector that is suitable for use with the host cell may be used to introduce a nucleic acid encoding CFTR into the host cell. Examples of vectors that may be used to introduce the CFTR encoding nucleic acids into host cells include but are not limited to plasmids, viruses, including retroviruses and lentiviruses, cosmids, artificial chromosomes and may include for example, pFN11A (BIND) Flexi®, pGL4.31, pFC14A (HaloTag® 7) CMV Flexi®, pFC14K (HaloTag® 7) CMV Flexi®, pFN24A (HaloTag® 7) CMVd3 Flexi®, pFN24K (HaloTag® 7) CMVd3 Flexi®, HaloTag™ pHT2, pACT, pAdVAntage™, pALTER®-MAX, pBIND, pCAT®3-Basic, pCAT®3-Control, pCAT®3-Enhancer, pCAT®3-Promoter, pCI, pCMVTNT™, pG5luc, pSI, pTARGET™, pTNT™, pF12A RM Flexi®, pF12K RM Flexi®, pReg neo, pYES2/GS, pAd/CMVN5-DEST Gateway® Vector, pAd/PL-DEST™ Gateway® Vector, Gateway® pDEST™27 Vector,Gateway® pEF-DEST51 Vector, Gateway® pcDNA™-DEST47 vector, pCMV/Bsd Vector, pEF6/His A, B, & C, pcDNA™6.2-DEST, pLenti6/TR, pLP-AcGFP1-C, pLPS-AcGFP1-N, pLP-IRESneo, pLP-TRE2, pLP-RevTRE, pLP-LNCX, pLP-CMV-HA, pLP-CMV-Myc, pLP-RetroQ, pLP-CMVneo, pCMV-Script, pcDNA3.1 Hygro, pcDNA3.1neo, pcDNA3.1puro, pSV2neo, pIRES puro, and pSV2 zeo. In some embodiments, the vectors comprise expression control sequences such as constitutive or conditional promoters. One of ordinary skill in the art will be able to select such sequences. For example, suitable promoters include but are not limited to CMV, TK, SV40, and EF-1α. In some embodiments, the promoters are inducible, temperature regulated, tissue specific, repressible, heat-shock, developmental, cell lineage specific, eukaryotic, prokaryotic or temporal promoters or a combination or recombination of unmodified or mutagenized, randomized, shuffled sequences of any one or more of the above. In other embodiments, CFTR is expressed by gene activation or when a gene encoding a CFTR is episomal. Nucleic acids encoding CFTRs may preferably be constitutively expressed.

In some embodiments, the vector encoding CFTR lacks a selectable marker or drug resistance gene. In other embodiments, the vector optionally comprises a nucleic acid encoding a selectable marker such as a protein that confers drug or antibiotic resistance. If more than one of the drug resistance markers are the same, simultaneous selection may be achieved by increasing the level of the drug. Suitable markers will be well-known to those of skill in the art and include but are not limited to genes conferring resistance to any one of the following: Neomycin/G418, Puromycin, hygromycin, Zeocin, methotrexate and blasticidin. Although drug selection (or selection using any other suitable selection marker) is not a required step, it may be used to enrich the transfected cell population for stably transfected cells, provided that the transfected constructs are designed to confer drug resistance. If subsequent selection of cells expressing CFTR is accomplished using signaling probes, selection too soon following transfection can result in some positive cells that may only be transiently and not stably transfected. However, this can be minimized by allowing sufficient cell passage allowing for dilution of transient expression in transfected cells.

In some embodiments, the vector comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding an RNA tag sequence. “Tag sequence” refers to a nucleic acid sequence that is an expressed RNA or portion of an RNA that is to be detected by a signaling probe. Signaling probes may detect a variety of RNA sequences. Any of these RNAs may be used as tags. Signaling probes may be directed against the RNA tag by designing the probes to include a portion that is complementary to the sequence of the tag. The tag sequence may be a 3′ untranslated region of the plasmid that is cotranscribed and comprises a target sequence for signaling probe binding. The RNA encoding the gene of interest may include the tag sequence or the tag sequence may be located within a 5′-untranslated region or 3′-untranslated region. In some embodiments, the tag is not with the RNA encoding the gene of interest. The tag sequence can be in frame with the protein-coding portion of the message of the gene or out of frame with it, depending on whether one wishes to tag the protein produced. Thus, the tag sequence does not have to be translated for detection by the signaling probe. The tag sequences may comprise multiple target sequences that are the same or different, wherein one signaling probe hybridizes to each target sequence. The tag sequences may encode an RNA having secondary structure. The structure may be a three-arm junction structure. Examples of tag sequences that may be used in the invention, and to which signaling probes may be prepared, include but are not limited to the RNA transcript of epitope tags such as, for example, a HIS tag, a myc tag, a hemagglutinin (HA) tag, protein C, VSV-G, FLU, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), green fluorescent protein, FLAG, BCCP, maltose binding protein tag, Nus-tag, Softag-1, Softag-2, Strep-tag, S-tag, thioredoxin, GST, V5, TAP or CBP. As described herein, one of ordinary skill in the art could create his or her own RNA tag sequences.

In another aspect of the invention, cells and cell lines of the invention have enhanced stability as compared to cells and cell lines produced by conventional methods. To identify stable expression, a cell or cell line's expression of CFTR is measured over a time course and the expression levels are compared. Stable cell lines will continue expressing CFTR throughout the time course. In some aspects of the invention, the time course may be for at least one week, two weeks, three weeks, etc., or at least one month, or at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or nine months, or any length of time in between. Isolated cells and cell lines can be further characterized, such as by qRT-PCR and single end-point RT-PCR to determine the absolute amounts and relative amounts of CFTR being expressed. In some embodiments, stable expression is measured by comparing the results of functional assays over a time course. The measurement of stability based on functional assay provides the benefit of identifying clones that not only stably express the mRNA of the gene of interest, but also stably produce and properly process (e.g., post-translational modification, and localization within the cell) the protein encoded by the gene of interest that functions appropriately.

Cells and cell lines of the invention have the further advantageous property of providing assays with high reproducibility as evidenced by their Z′ factor. See Zhang J H, Chung T D, Oldenburg K R, “A Simple Statistical Parameter for Use in Evaluation and Validation of High Throughput Screening Assays.” J. Biomol. Screen. 1999; 4(2):67-73. Z′ values pertain to the quality of a cell or cell line because it reflects the degree to which a cell or cell line will respond consistently to modulators. Z′ is a statistical calculation that takes into account the signal-to-noise range and signal variability (i.e., from well to well) of the functional response to a reference compound across a multiwell plate. Z′ is calculated using data obtained from multiple wells with a positive control and multiple wells with a negative control. The ratio of their summated standard deviations multiplied by a factor of three to the difference in their mean values is subtracted from one to give the Z′ factor, according the equation below:

Z′ factor=1−((3σ_(positive control)+3σ_(negative control))/(μ_(positive control)−μ_(negative control)))

The theoretical maximum Z′ factor is 1.0, which would indicate an ideal assay with no variability and limitless dynamic range. As used herein, a “high Z′” refers to a Z′ factor of Z′ of at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.75 or at least 0.8, or any decimal in between 0.6 and 1.0. A score less than 0 is undesirable because it indicates that there is overlap between positive and negative controls. In the industry, for simple cell-based assays, Z′ scores up to 0.3 are considered marginal scores, Z′ scores between 0.3 and 0.5 are considered acceptable, and Z′ scores above 0.5 are considered excellent. Cell-free or biochemical assays may approach higher Z′ scores, but Z′ factor scores for cell-based systems tend to be lower because cell-based systems are complex.

As those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, historically, cell-based assays using cells expressing even a single chain protein do not typically achieve a Z′ higher than 0.5 to 0.6. Cells and cell lines of the invention, on the other hand, have high Z′ values and advantageously produce consistent results in assays. CFTR expression cells and cell lines of the invention provided the basis for high-throughput screening (HTS) compatible assays because they generally have Z′ factor factors at least 0.82. In some aspects of the invention, the cells and cell lines result in Z′ of at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, or at least 0.8. In other aspects of the invention, the cells and cell lines of the invention result in a Z′ of at least 0.7, at least 0.75 or at least 0.8 maintained for multiple passages, e.g., between 5-20 passages, including any integer in between 5 and 20. In some aspects of the invention, the cells and cell lines result in a Z′ of at least 0.7, at least 0.75 or at least 0.8 maintained for 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 weeks or 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 months, including any period of time in between.

Also according to the invention, cells and cell lines that express a form of a naturally occurring wild type CFTR or mutant CFTR can be characterized for chloride ion conductance. In some embodiments, the cells and cell lines of the invention express CFTR with “physiologically relevant” activity. As used herein, physiological relevance refers to a property of a cell or cell line expressing a CFTR whereby the CFTR conducts chloride ions as a naturally occurring CFTR of the same type and responds to modulators in the same ways that naturally occurring CFTR of the same type is modulated by the same modulators. CFTR-expressing cells and cell lines of this invention preferably demonstrate comparable function to cells that normally express native CFTR in a suitable assay, such as a membrane potential assay or a YFP halide quench assay using chloride or iodide as the ion conducted by CFTR, electrophysiology (e.g., patch clamp or Ussing), or by activation with forskolin. Such comparisons are used to determine a cell or cell line's physiological relevance.

In some embodiments, the cells and cell lines of the invention have increased sensitivity to modulators of CFTR. Cells and cell lines of the invention respond to modulators and conduct chloride ions with physiological range EC₅₀ or IC₅₀ values for CFTR. As used herein, EC₅₀ refers to the concentration of a compound or substance required to induce a half-maximal activating response in the cell or cell line. As used herein, IC₅₀ refers to the concentration of a compound or substance required to induce a half-maximal inhibitory response in the cell or cell line. EC₅₀ and IC₅₀ values may be determined using techniques that are well-known in the art, for example, a dose-response curve that correlates the concentration of a compound or substance to the response of the CFTR-expressing cell line. For example, the EC₅₀ for forskolin in a cell line of the invention is about 250 nM, and the EC₅₀ for forskolin in a stable CFTR-expressing fisher rat thyroid cell line disclosed in Galietta et al., Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 281(5): C1734-1742 (2001) is between 250 nM and 500 nM.

A further advantageous property of the CFTR-expressing cells and cell lines of the inventions, flowing from the physiologically relevant function of the CFTR is that modulators identified in initial screening are functional in secondary functional assays, e.g., membrane potential assay, electrophysiology assay, YFP halide quench assay, radioactive iodine flux assay, rabbit intestinal-loop fluid secretion measurement assay, animal fecal output testing and measuring assay, or Ussing chamber assays. As those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, compounds identified in initial screening assays typically must be modified, such as by combinatorial chemistry, medicinal chemistry or synthetic chemistry, for their derivatives or analogs to be functional in secondary functional assays. However, due to the high physiological relevance of the present CFTR cells and cell lines, many compounds identified therewith are functional without “coarse” tuning.

In some embodiments, properties of the cells and cell lines of the invention, such as stability, physiological relevance, reproducibility in an assay (Z′), or physiological EC₅₀ or IC₅₀ values, are achievable under specific culture conditions. In some embodiments, the culture conditions are standardized and rigorously maintained without variation, for example, by automation. Culture conditions may include any suitable conditions under which the cells or cell lines are grown and may include those known in the art. A variety of culture conditions may result in advantageous biological properties for any of the bitter receptors, or their mutants or allelic variants.

In other embodiments, the cells and cell lines of the invention with desired properties, such as stability, physiological relevance, reproducibility in an assay (Z′), or physiological EC₅₀ or IC₅₀ values, can be obtained within one month or less. For example, the cells or cell lines may be obtained within 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 days, or within 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks, or any length of time in between.

One aspect of the invention provides a collection or panel of cells and cell lines, each expressing a different form of CFTR (e.g., wild type, allelic variants, mutants, fragment, spliced variants etc.). The collection may include, for example, cells or cell lines expressing CFTR, CFTR ΔF508 and various other known mutant CFTRs. In some embodiment, the collections or panels include cells expressing other ion channel proteins. The collections or panels may additional comprise cells expressing control proteins. The collections or panels of the invention can be used for compound screening or profiling, e.g., to identify modulators that are active on some or all.

When collections or panels of cells or cell lines are produced, e.g., for drug screening, the cells or cell lines in the collection or panel may be derived from the same host cells and may further be matched such that they are the same (including substantially the same) with regard to one or more selective physiological properties. The “same physiological property” in this context means that the selected physiological property is similar enough amongst the members in the collection or panel such that the cell collection or panel can produce reliable results in drug screening assays; for example, variations in readouts in a drug screening assay will be due to, e.g., the different biological activities of test compounds on cells expressing different forms of CFTR, rather than due to inherent variations in the cells. For example, the cells or cell lines may be matched to have the same growth rate, i.e., growth rates with no more than one, two, three, four, or five hours difference amongst the members of the cell collection or panel. This may be achieved by, for example, binning cells by their growth rate into five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten groups, and creating a panel using cells from the same binned group. Methods of determining cell growth rate are well known in the art. The cells or cell lines in a panel also can be matched to have the same Z′ factor (e.g., Z′ factors that do not differ by more than 0.1), CFTR expression level (e.g., CFTR expression levels that do not differ by more than 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30%), adherence to tissue culture surfaces, and the like. Matched cells and cell lines can be grown under identical conditions, achieved by, e.g., automated parallel processing, to maintain the selected physiological property.

Matched cell panels of the invention can be used to, for example, identify modulators with defined activity (e.g., agonist or antagonist) on CFTR; to profile compound activity across different forms of CFTR; to identify modulators active on just one form of CFTR; and to identify modulators active on just a subset of CFTRs. The matched cell panels of the invention allow high throughput screening. Screenings that used to take months to accomplish can now be accomplished within weeks.

To make cells and cell lines of the invention, one can use, for example, the technology described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,692,965 and International Patent Publication WO/2005/079462. Both of these documents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. This technology provides real-time assessment of millions of cells such that any desired number of clones (from hundreds to thousands of clones) may be selected. Using cell sorting techniques, such as flow cytometric cell sorting (e.g., with a FACS machine), magnetic cell sorting (e.g., with a MACS machine), or other fluorescence plate readers, including those that are compatible with high-throughput screening, one cell per well may be automatically deposited with high statistical confidence in a culture vessel (such as a 96 well culture plate). The speed and automation of the technology allows multigene cell lines to be readily isolated.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a panel of cell lines comprising at least 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, or 1000 cells or cell lines, each expressing a different CFTR mutant selected from the CFTR mutants set forth in Table 1 or Table 2. In certain embodiments, such a panel comprises at least 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, or 75 cells or cell lines, each expressing a different CFTR mutant selected from the CFTR mutants set forth in Table 2. For example, the panel may comprise a CFTR-ΔF508 expressing cell line. In certain embodiments, the panel comprises at least 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, or 100 cells or cell lines, each expressing a different CFTR mutant, wherein each CFTR mutant is a missense, nonsense, frameshift or RNA splicing mutation. In certain embodiments, such a panel comprises at least 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, or 100 cells or cell lines, each expressing a different CFTR mutant, wherein each CFTR mutant is associated with cystic fibrosis. In certain embodiments, such a panel comprises at least 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, or 100 cells or cell lines each expressing a different CFTR mutant, wherein each CFTR mutant is associated with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens. Such panels can be used for parallel high-throughput screening and cross-comparative characterization of small molecules with efficacy against the various isoforms of the CFTR protein. In certain embodiments, such a panel also comprises one or more cells or cell lines engineered or selected to express a protein of interest other than CFTR or CFTR mutant.

Using the technology, the RNA sequence for CFTR may be detected using a signaling probe, also referred to as a molecular beacon or fluorogenic probe. As described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,692,965, a molecular beacon typically is a nucleic acid probe that recognizes and reports the presence of a specific nucleic acid sequence. The probes may be hairpin-shaped sequences with a central stretch of nucleotides complementary to the target sequence, and termini comprising short mutually complementary sequences. One terminus is covalently bound to a fluorophore and the other to a quenching moiety. When in their native state with hybridized termini, the proximity of the fluorophore and the quencher is such that no fluorescence is produced. The beacon undergoes a spontaneous fluorogenic conformational change when hybridized to its target nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the molecular beacon (or fluorogenic probe) recognizes a target tag sequence as described above. In another embodiment, the molecular beacon (or fluorogenic probe) recognizes a sequence within CFTR itself. Signaling probes may be directed against the RNA tag or CFTR sequence by designing the probes to include a portion that is complementary to the RNA sequence of the tag or the CFTR, respectively.

Nucleic acids comprising a sequence encoding a CFTR, or the sequence of a CFTR and a tag sequence, and optionally a nucleic acid encoding a selectable marker may be introduced into selected host cells by well known methods. The methods include but are not limited to transfection, viral delivery, protein or peptide mediated insertion, coprecipitation methods, lipid based delivery reagents (lipofection), cytofection, lipopolyamine delivery, dendrimer delivery reagents, electroporation or mechanical delivery. Examples of transfection reagents are GENEPORTER, GENEPORTER2, LIPOFECTAMINE™, LIPOFECTAMINE™ 2000, FUGENE® 6, FUGENE® HD, TFX™-10, TFX™-20, TFX™-50, OLIGOFECTAMINE, TRANSFAST, TRANSFECTAM, GENESHUTTLE, TROJENE, GENESILENCER, X-TREMEGENE, PERFECTIN, CYTOFECTIN, SIPORT, UNIFECTOR, SIFECTOR, TRANSIT-LT1, TRANSIT-LT2, TRANSIT-EXPRESS, IFECT, RNAI SHUTTLE, METAFECTENE, LYOVEC, LIPOTAXI, GENEERASER, GENEJUICE, CYTOPURE, JETSI, JETPEI, MEGAFECTIN, POLYFECT, TRANSMESSANGER, RNAiFECT, SUPERFECT, EFFECTENE, TF-PEI-KIT, CLONFECTIN, AND METAFECTINE.

Following introduction of the CFTR coding sequences or the CFTR activation sequences into host cells and optional subsequent drug selection, molecular beacons (e.g., fluorogenic probes) are introduced into the cells and cell sorting is used to isolate cells positive for their signals. Multiple rounds of sorting may be carried out, if desired. In one embodiment, the flow cytometric cell sorter is a FACS machine. MACS (magnetic cell sorting) or laser ablation of negative cells using laser-enabled analysis and processing can also be used. Other fluorescence plate readers, including those that are compatible with high-throughput screening can also be used. According to this method, cells expressing CFTR are detected and recovered. The CFTR sequence may be integrated at different locations of the genome in the cell. The expression level of the introduced genes encoding the CFTR may vary based upon integration site. The skilled worker will recognize that sorting can be gated for any desired expression level. Further, stable cell lines may be obtained wherein one or more of the introduced genes encoding a CFTR is episomal or results from gene activation.

Signaling probes useful in this invention are known in the art and generally are oligonucleotides comprising a sequence complementary to a target sequence and a signal emitting system so arranged that no signal is emitted when the probe is not bound to the target sequence and a signal is emitted when the probe binds to the target sequence. By way of non-limiting illustration, the signaling probe may comprise a fluorophore and a quencher positioned in the probe so that the quencher and fluorophore are brought together in the unbound probe. Upon binding between the probe and the target sequence, the quencher and fluorophore separate, resulting in emission of signal. International publication WO/2005/079462, for example, describes a number of signaling probes that may be used in the production of the cells and cell lines of this invention.

Nucleic acids encoding signaling probes may be introduced into the selected host cell by any of numerous means that will be well-known to those of skill in the art, including but not limited to transfection, coprecipitation methods, lipid based delivery reagents (lipofection), cytofection, lipopolyamine delivery, dendrimer delivery reagents, electroporation or mechanical delivery. Examples of transfection reagents are GENEPORTER, GENEPORTER2, LIPOFECTAMINE, LIPOFECTAMINE 2000, FUGENE 6, FUGENE HD, TFX-10, TFX-20, TFX-50, OLIGOFECTAMINE, TRANSFAST, TRANSFECTAM, GENESHUTTLE, TROJENE, GENESILENCER, X-TREMEGENE, PERFECTIN, CYTOFECTIN, SIPORT, UNIFECTOR, SIFECTOR, TRANSIT-LT1, TRANSIT-LT2, TRANSIT-EXPRESS, IFECT, RNAI SHUTTLE, METAFECTENE, LYOVEC, LIPOTAXI, GENEERASER, GENEJUICE, CYTOPURE, JETSI, JETPEI, MEGAFECTIN, POLYFECT, TRANSMESSANGER, RNAiFECT, SUPERFECT, EFFECTENE, TF-PEI-KIT, CLONFECTIN, AND METAFECTINE.

In one embodiment, the signaling probes are designed to be complementary to either a portion of the RNA encoding a CFTR or to portions of their 5′ or 3′ untranslated regions. Even if the signaling probe designed to recognize a messenger RNA of interest is able to detect spuriously endogenously existing target sequences, the proportion of these in comparison to the proportion of the sequence of interest produced by transfected cells is such that the sorter is able to discriminate the two cell types.

The expression level of CFTR may vary from cell or cell line to cell or cell line. The expression level in a cell or cell line also may decrease over time due to epigenetic events such as DNA methylation and gene silencing and loss of transgene copies. These variations can be attributed to a variety of factors, for example, the copy number of the transgene taken up by the cell, the site of genomic integration of the transgene, and the integrity of the transgene following genomic integration. One may use FACS or other cell sorting methods (i.e., MACS) to evaluate expression levels. Additional rounds of introducing signaling probes may be used, for example, to determine if and to what extent the cells remain positive over time for any one or more of the RNAs for which they were originally isolated.

In another embodiment of the invention, adherent cells can be adapted to suspension before or after cell sorting and isolating single cells. In other embodiments, isolated cells may be grown individually or pooled to give rise to populations of cells. Individual or multiple cell lines may also be grown separately or pooled. If a pool of cell lines is producing a desired activity or has a desired property, it can be further fractionated until the cell line or set of cell lines having this effect is identified. Pooling cells or cell lines may make it easier to maintain large numbers of cell lines without the requirements for maintaining each separately. Thus, a pool of cells or cell lines may be enriched for positive cells. An enriched pool may have at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% are positive for the desired property or activity.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for producing the cells and cell lines of the invention. In one embodiment, the method comprises the steps of:

a) providing a plurality of cells that express mRNA encoding CFTR;

b) dispersing cells individually into individual culture vessels, thereby providing a plurality of separate cell cultures

c) culturing the cells under a set of desired culture conditions using automated cell culture methods characterized in that the conditions are substantially identical for each of the separate cell cultures, during which culturing the number of cells in each separate cell culture is normalized, and wherein the separate cultures are passaged on the same schedule;

d) assaying the separate cell cultures for at least one desired characteristic of CFTR at least twice; and

e) identifying a separate cell culture that has the desired characteristic in both assays.

According to the method, the cells are cultured under a desired set of culture conditions. The conditions can be any desired conditions. Those of skill in the art will understand what parameters are comprised within a set of culture conditions. For example, culture conditions include but are not limited to: the media (Base media (DMEM, MEM, RPMI, serum-free, with serum, fully chemically defined, without animal-derived components), mono and divalent ion (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium) concentration, additional components added (amino acids, antibiotics, glutamine, glucose or other carbon source, HEPES, channel blockers, modulators of other targets, vitamins, trace elements, heavy metals, co-factors, growth factors, anti-apoptosis reagents), fresh or conditioned media, with HEPES, pH, depleted of certain nutrients or limiting (amino acid, carbon source)), level of confluency at which cells are allowed to attain before split/passage, feeder layers of cells, or gamma-irradiated cells, CO₂, a three gas system (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide), humidity, temperature, still or on a shaker, and the like, which will be well known to those of skill in the art.

The cell culture conditions may be chosen for convenience or for a particular desired use of the cells. Advantageously, the invention provides cells and cell lines that are optimally suited for a particular desired use. That is, in embodiments of the invention in which cells are cultured under conditions for a particular desired use, cells are selected that have desired characteristics under the condition for the desired use.

By way of illustration, if cells will be used in assays in plates where it is desired that the cells are adherent, cells that display adherence under the conditions of the assay may be selected. Similarly, if the cells will be used for protein production, cells may be cultured under conditions appropriate for protein production and selected for advantageous properties for this use.

In some embodiments, the method comprises the additional step of measuring the growth rates of the separate cell cultures. Growth rates may be determined using any of a variety of techniques means that will be well known to the skilled worker. Such techniques include but are not limited to measuring ATP, cell confluency, light scattering, optical density (e.g., OD 260 for DNA). Preferably growth rates are determined using means that minimize the amount of time that the cultures spend outside the selected culture conditions.

In some embodiments, cell confluency is measured and growth rates are calculated from the confluency values. In some embodiments, cells are dispersed and clumps removed prior to measuring cell confluency for improved accuracy. Means for monodispersing cells are well-known and can be achieved, for example, by addition of a dispersing reagent to a culture to be measured. Dispersing agents are well-known and readily available, and include but are not limited to enzymatic dispersing agents, such as trypsin, and EDTA-based dispersing agents. Growth rates can be calculated from confluency date using commercially available software for that purpose such as HAMILTON VECTOR. Automated confluency measurement, such as using an automated microscopic plate reader is particularly useful. Plate readers that measure confluency are commercially available and include but are not limited to the CLONE SELECT IMAGER (Genetix). Typically, at least 2 measurements of cell confluency are made before calculating a growth rate. The number of confluency values used to determine growth rate can be any number that is convenient or suitable for the culture. For example, confluency can be measured multiple times over e.g., a week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks or any length of time and at any frequency desired.

When the growth rates are known, according to the method, the plurality of separate cell cultures are divided into groups by similarity of growth rates. By grouping cultures into growth rate bins, one can manipulate the cultures in the group together, thereby providing another level of standardization that reduces variation between cultures. For example, the cultures in a bin can be passaged at the same time, treated with a desired reagent at the same time, etc. Further, functional assay results are typically dependent on cell density in an assay well. A true comparison of individual clones is only accomplished by having them plated and assayed at the same density. Grouping into specific growth rate cohorts enables the plating of clones at a specific density that allows them to be functionally characterized in a high throughput format.

The range of growth rates in each group can be any convenient range. It is particularly advantageous to select a range of growth rates that permits the cells to be passaged at the same time and avoid frequent renormalization of cell numbers. Growth rate groups can include a very narrow range for a tight grouping, for example, average doubling times within an hour of each other. But according to the method, the range can be up to 2 hours, up to 3 hours, up to 4 hours, up to 5 hours or up to 10 hours of each other or even broader ranges. The need for renormalization arises when the growth rates in a bin are not the same so that the number of cells in some cultures increases faster than others. To maintain substantially identical conditions for all cultures in a bin, it is necessary to periodically remove cells to renormalize the numbers across the bin. The more disparate the growth rates, the more frequently renormalization is needed.

In step d) the cells and cell lines may be tested for and selected for any physiological property including but not limited to: a change in a cellular process encoded by the genome; a change in a cellular process regulated by the genome; a change in a pattern of chromosomal activity; a change in a pattern of chromosomal silencing; a change in a pattern of gene silencing; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of gene activation; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of gene expression; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of RNA expression; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of RNAi expression; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of RNA processing; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of RNA transport; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of protein translation; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of protein folding; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of protein assembly; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of protein modification; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of protein transport; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of transporting a membrane protein to a cell surface change in growth rate; a change in cell size; a change in cell shape; a change in cell morphology; a change in % RNA,content; a change in % protein content; a change in % water content; a change in % lipid content; a change in ribosome content; a change in mitochondrial content; a change in ER mass; a change in plasma membrane surface area; a change in cell volume; a change in lipid composition of plasma membrane; a change in lipid composition of nuclear envelope; a change in protein composition of plasma membrane; a change in protein; composition of nuclear envelope; a change in number of secretory vesicles; a change in number of lysosomes; a change in number of vacuoles; a change in the capacity or potential of a cell for: protein production, protein secretion, protein folding, protein assembly, protein modification, enzymatic modification of protein, protein glycosylation, protein phosphorylation, protein dephosphorylation, metabolite biosynthesis, lipid biosynthesis, DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, nutrient absorption, cell growth, mitosis, meiosis, cell division, to dedifferentiate, to transform into a stem cell, to transform into a pluripotent cell, to transform into a omnipotent cell, to transform into a stem cell type of any organ (i.e., liver, lung, skin, muscle, pancreas, brain, testis, ovary, blood, immune system, nervous system, bone, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, gastro-intestinal tract, stomach, thyroid, tongue, gall bladder, kidney, nose, eye, nail, hair, taste bud), to transform into a differentiated any cell type (i.e., muscle, heart muscle, neuron, skin, pancreatic, blood, immune, red blood cell, white blood cell, killer T-cell, enteroendocrine cell, taste, secretory cell, kidney, epithelial cell, endothelial cell, also including any of the animal or human cell types already listed that can be used for introduction of nucleic acid sequences), to uptake DNA, to uptake small molecules, to uptake fluorogenic probes, to uptake RNA, to adhere to solid surface, to adapt to serum-free conditions, to adapt to serum-free suspension conditions, to adapt to scaled-up cell culture, for use for large scale cell culture, for use in drug discovery, for use in high throughput screening, for use in a functional cell based assay, for use in membrane potential assays, for use in reporter cell based assays, for use in ELISA studies, for use in in vitro assays, for use in vivo applications, for use in secondary testing, for use in compound testing, for use in a binding assay, for use in panning assay, for use in an antibody panning assay, for use in imaging assays, for use in microscopic imaging assays, for use in multiwell plates, for adaptation to automated cell culture, for adaptation to miniaturized automated cell culture, for adaptation to large-scale automated cell culture, for adaptation to cell culture in multiwell plates (6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 384, 1536 or higher density), for use in cell chips, for use on slides, for use on glass slides, for microarray on slides or glass slides, for immunofluorescence studies, for use in protein purification, and for use in biologics production. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize suitable tests for any of the above-listed properties.

Tests that may be used to characterize cells and cell lines of the invention and/or matched panels of the invention include but are not limited to: amino acid analysis, DNA sequencing, protein sequencing, NMR, a test for protein transport, a test for nucleocytoplasmic transport, a test for subcellular localization of proteins, a test for subcellular localization of nucleic acids, microscopic analysis, submicroscopic analysis, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, laser ablation technology, cell counting and Dialysis. The skilled worker would understand how to use any of the above-listed tests.

According to the method, cells may be cultured in any cell culture format so long as the cells or cell lines are dispersed in individual cultures prior to the step of measuring growth rates. For example, for convenience, cells may be initially pooled for culture under the desired conditions and then individual cells separated one cell per well or vessel. Cells may be cultured in multi-well tissue culture plates with any convenient number of wells. Such plates are readily commercially available and will be well knows to a person of skill in the art. In some cases, cells may preferably be cultured in vials or in any other convenient format, the various formats will be known to the skilled worker and are readily commercially available.

In embodiments comprising the step of measuring growth rate, prior to measuring growth rates, the cells are cultured for a sufficient length of time for them to acclimate to the culture conditions. As will be appreciated by the skilled worker, the length of time will vary depending on a number of factors such as the cell type, the chosen conditions, the culture format and may be any amount of time from one day to a few days, a week or more.

Preferably, each individual culture in the plurality of separate cell cultures is maintained under substantially identical conditions a discussed below, including a standardized maintenance schedule. Another advantageous feature of the method is that large numbers of individual cultures can be maintained simultaneously, so that a cell with a desired set of traits may be identified even if extremely rare. For those and other reasons, according to the invention, the plurality of separate cell cultures are cultured using automated cell culture methods so that the conditions are substantially identical for each well. Automated cell culture prevents the unavoidable variability inherent to manual cell culture.

Any automated cell culture system may be used in the method of the invention. A number of automated cell culture systems are commercially available and will be well-known to the skilled worker. In some embodiments, the automated system is a robotic system. Preferably, the system includes independently moving channels, a multichannel head (e.g., a 96-tip head) and a gripper or cherry-picking arm and a HEPA filtration device to maintain sterility during the procedure. The number of channels in the pipettor should be suitable for the format of the culture. Convenient pipettors have, e.g., 96 or 384 channels. Such systems are known and are commercially available. For example, a MICROLAB STAR™ instrument (Hamilton) may be used in the method of the invention. The automated system should be able to perform a variety of desired cell culture tasks. Such tasks will be known by a person of skill in the art. They include but are not limited to: removing media, replacing media, adding reagents, cell washing, removing wash solution, adding a dispersing agent, removing cells from a culture vessel, adding cells to a culture vessel an the like.

The production of a cell or cell line of the invention may include any number of separate cell cultures. However, the advantages provided by the method increase as the number of cells increases. There is no theoretical upper limit to the number of cells or separate cell cultures that can be utilized in the method. According to the invention, the number of separate cell cultures can be two or more but more advantageously is at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more separate cell cultures, for example, at least 12, at least 15, at least 20, at least 24, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 48, at least 50, at least 75, at least 96, at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 384, at least 400, at least 500, at least 1000, at least 10,000, at least 100,000, at least 500,000 or more.

A further advantageous property of the CFTR cells and cell lines of the invention is that they stably express CFTR in the absence of selective pressure. Selection pressure is applied in cell culture to select cells with desired sequences or traits, and is usually achieved by linking the expression of a polypeptide of interest with the expression of a selection marker that imparts to the cells resistance to a corresponding selective agent or pressure. Antibiotic selection includes, without limitation, the use of antibiotics (e.g., puromycin, neomycin, G418, hygromycin, bleomycin and the like). Non-antibiotic selection includes, without limitation, the use of nutrient deprivation, exposure to selective temperatures, exposure to mutagenic conditions and expression of fluorescent markers where the selection marker may be e.g., glutamine synthetase, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), oabain, thymidine kinase (TK), hypoxanthine guanine phosphororibosyltransferase (HGPRT) or a fluorescent protein such as GFP. Thus, in some embodiments, cells and cell lines of the invention are maintained in culture without any selective pressure. In further embodiments, cells and cell lines are maintained without any antibiotics. As used herein, cell maintenance refers to culturing cells after they have been selected as described above for their CFTR expression. Maintenance does not refer to the optional step of growing cells in a selective drug (e.g., an antibiotic) prior to cell sorting where drug resistance marker(s) introduced into the cells allow enrichment of stable transfectants in a mixed population.

Drug-free cell maintenance provides a number of advantages. For examples, drug-resistant cells do not always express the co-transfected transgene of interest at adequate levels, because the selection relies on survival of the cells that have taken up the drug resistant gene, with or without the transgene. Further, selective drugs are often mutagenic or otherwise interfere with the physiology of the cells, leading to skewed results in cell-based assays. For example, selective drugs may decrease susceptibility to apoptosis (Robinson et al., Biochemistry, 36(37):11169-11178 (1997)), increase DNA repair and drug metabolism (Deffie et al., Cancer Res. 48(13):3595-3602 (1988)), increase cellular pH (Thiebaut et al., J Histochem Cytochem. 38(5):685-690 (1990); Roepe et al., Biochemistry. 32(41):11042-11056 (1993); Simon et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91(3):1128-1132 (1994)), decrease lysosomal and endosomal pH (Schindler et al., Biochemistry. 35(9):2811-2817 (1996); Altan et al., J Exp Med. 187(10):1583-1598 (1998)), decrease plasma membrane potential (Roepe et al., Biochemistry. 32(41):11042-11056 (1993)), increase plasma membrane conductance to chloride (Gill et al., Cell. 71(1):23-32 (1992)) and ATP (Abraham et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90(1):312-316 (1993)), and increase rates of vesicle transport (Altan et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96(8):4432-4437 (1999)). GFP, a commonly used non-antibiotic selective marker, may cause cell death in certain cell lines (Hanazono et al., Hum Gene Ther. 8(11):1313-1319 (1997)). Thus, the cells and cell lines of this invention allow screening assays that are free from any artifact caused by selective drugs or markers. In some preferred embodiments, the cells and cell lines of this invention are not cultured with selective drugs such as antibiotics before or after cell sorting, so that cells and cell lines with desired properties are isolated by sorting, even when not beginning with an enriched cell population.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods of using the cells and cell lines of the invention. The cells and cell lines of the invention may be used in any application for which functional CFTR or mutant CFTRs are needed. The cells and cell lines may be used, for example, but not limited to, in an in vitro cell-based assay or an in vivo assay where the cells are implanted in an animal (e.g., a non-human mammal) to, e.g., screen for CFTR (e.g., CFTR mutant) modulators; produce protein for crystallography and binding studies; and investigate compound selectivity and dosing, receptor/compound binding kinetic and stability, and effects of receptor expression on cellular physiology (e.g., electrophysiology, protein trafficking, protein folding, and protein regulation). The cells and cell lines of the invention also can be used in knock down studies to study the roles of mutant CFTRs.

Cells and cell lines expressing different forms of CFTR can be used separately or together to identify CFTR modulators, including those specific for a particular mutant CFTR and to obtain information about the activities of individual mutant CFTRs. The present cells and cell lines may be used to identify the roles of different forms of CFTR in different CFTR pathologies by correlating the identity of in vivo forms of mutant CFTR with the identify of known forms of CFTR based on their response to various modulators. This allows selection of disease- or tissue-specific CFTR modulators for highly targeted treatment of such CFTR-related pathologies.

Modulators include any substance or compound that alters an activity of a CFTR. Modulators help identifying the relevant mutant CFTRs implicated in CFTR pathologies (i.e., pathologies related to ion conductance through various CFTR channels), and selecting tissue specific compounds for the selective treatment of such pathologies or for the development of related compounds useful in those treatments. In other aspects, a modulator may change the ability of another modulator to affect the function of a CFTR. For example, a modulator of a mutant CFTR that is not activated by forskolin may render that form of CFTR susceptible to activation by forskolin.

Stable cell lines expressing a CFTR mutant and panels of such cell lines (see above) can be used to screen modulators (including agonists, antagonists, potentiators and inverse agonists), e.g., in high-throughput compatible assays. Modulators so identified can then be assayed against other CFTR alleles to identify specific modulators specific for given CFTR mutants.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for generating an in-vitro-correlate (“IVC”) for an in vivo physiological property of interest. An IVC is generated by establishing the activity profile of a compound with an in vivo physiological property on different CFTR mutants, e.g., a profile of the effect of a compound on the physiological property of different CFTR mutants. This can be accomplished by using a panel of cells or cell lines as disclosed above. This activity profile is representative of the in vivo physiological property and thus is an IVC of a fingerprint for the physiological property. In some embodiments, the in-vitro-correlate is an in-vitro-correlate for a negative side effect of a drug. In other embodiments, the in-vitro-correlate is an in-vitro-correlate for a beneficial effect of a drug.

In some embodiments, the IVC can be used to predict or confirm one or more physiological properties of a compound of interest. The compound may be tested for its activity against different CFTR mutants and the resulting activity profile is compared to the activity profile of IVCs that are generated as described herein. The physiological property of the IVC with an activity profile most similar to the activity profile of a compound of interest is predicted to be and/or confirmed to be a physiological property of the compound of interest.

In some embodiments, an IVC is established by assaying the activities of a compound against different CFTR mutants, or combinations thereof. Similarly, to predict or confirm the physiological activity of a compound, the activities of the compound can be tested against different CFTR mutants.

In some embodiments, the methods of the invention can be used to determine and/or predict and/or confirm to what degree a particular physiological effect is caused by a compound of interest. In certain embodiments, the methods of the invention can be used to determine and/or predict and/or confirm the tissue specificity of a physiological effect of a compound of interest.

In more specific embodiments, the activity profile of a compound of interest is established by testing the activity of the compound in a plurality of in vitro assays using cell lines that are engineered to express different CFTR mutants (e.g., a panel of cells expressing different CFTR mutants). In some embodiments, testing of candidate drugs against a panel of CFTR mutants can be used to correlate specific targets to adverse or undesired side-effects or therapeutic efficacy observed in the clinic. This information may be used to select well defined targets in high-throughput screening or during development of drugs with maximal desired and minimal off-target activity.

In certain embodiments, the physiological parameter is measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (“fMRI”). Other imaging methods can also be used, for example, computed tomography (CT); computed axial tomography (CAT) scanning; diffuse optical imaging (DOI); diffuse optical tomography (DOT); event-related optical signal (EROS); near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); magnetoencephalography (MEG); positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

In certain embodiments, if the IVC represents an effect of the compound on the central nervous system (“CNS”), an IVC may be established that correlates with an fMRI pattern in the CNS. IVCs may be generated that correlate with activity of compounds in various tests and models, including human and animal testing models. Human diseases and disorders are listed, e.g., in The Merck Manual, 18th Edition (Hardcover), Mark H. Beers (Author), Robert S. Porter (Editor), Thomas V. Jones (Editor). Mental diseases and disorders are listed, in e.g., Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) Fourth Edition (Text Revision), by American Psychiatric Association.

IVCs using CFTR can also be generated for the following properties: regulation, secretion, quality, clearance, production, viscosity, or thickness of mucous, water absorption, retention, balance, passing, or transport across epithelial tissues (especially of lung, kidney, vascular tissues, eye, gut, small intestine, large intestine); sensory or taste perception of compounds; neuronal firing or CNS activity in response to active compounds; pulmonary indications; gastrointestinal indications such as bowel cleansing, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), drug-induced (i.e. opioid) constipation, constipation/CIC of bedridden patients, acute infectious diarrhea, E. coli, cholera, viral gastroenteritis, rotavirus, modulation of malabsorption syndromes, pediatric diarrhea (viral, bacterial, protozoan), HIV, or short bowel syndrome; fertility indications such as sperm motility or sperm capacitation; female reproductive indications, cervical mucus/vaginal secretion viscosity (i.e. hostile cervical mucus); contraception, such as compounds that negatively affect sperm motility or cervical mucous quality relevant for sperm motility; dry mouth, dry eye, glaucoma, runny nose; or endocrine indications, i.e. pancreatic function in CF patients.

To identify a CFTR modulator, one can expose a novel cell or cell line of the invention to a test compound under conditions in which the CFTR would be expected to be functional and then detect a statistically significant change (e.g., p<0.05) in CFTR activity compared to a suitable control, e.g., cells that are not exposed to the test compound. Positive and/or negative controls using known agonists or antagonists and/or cells expressing different mutant CFTRs may also be used. In some embodiments, the CFTR activity to be detected and/or measured is membrane depolarization, change in membrane potential, or fluorescence resulting from such membrane changes. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that various assay parameters may be optimized, e.g., signal to noise ratio.

In some embodiments, one or more cells or cell lines of the invention are exposed to a plurality of test compounds, for example, a library of test compounds. A library of test compounds can be screened using the cell lines of the invention to identify one or more modulators. The test compounds can be chemical moieties including small molecules, polypeptides, peptides, peptide mimetics, antibodies or antigen-binding portions thereof. In the case of antibodies, they may be non-human antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, or fully human antibodies. The antibodies may be intact antibodies comprising a full complement of heavy and light chains or antigen-binding portions of any antibody, including antibody fragments (such as Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂, Fd, Fv, dAb, and the like), single chain antibodies (scFv), single domain antibodies, all or an antigen-binding portion of a heavy chain or light chain variable region.

In some embodiments, prior to exposure to a test compound, the cells or cell lines of the invention may be modified by pretreatment with, for example, enzymes, including mammalian or other animal enzymes, plant enzymes, bacterial enzymes, enzymes from lysed cells, protein modifying enzymes, lipid modifying enzymes, and enzymes in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, stomach or saliva. Such enzymes can include, for example, kinases, proteases, phosphatases, glycosidases, oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases and the like. Alternatively, the cells and cell lines may be exposed to the test compound first followed by treatment to identify compounds that alter the modification of the CFTR by the treatment.

In some embodiments, large compound collections are tested for CFTR modulating activity in a cell-based, functional, high-throughput screen (HTS), e.g., using a 96-well, 384-well, 1536-well or higher density well format. In some embodiments, a test compound or multiple test compounds including a library of test compounds may be screened using more than one cell or cell line of the invention. If multiple cells or cell lines, each expressing a different non-mutant CFTR or mutant CFTR are used, one can identify modulators that are effective on multiple forms of CFTR or alternatively, modulators that are specific for a particular mutant or non-mutant CFTR and that do not modulate other mutant CFTRs. In the case of a cell or cell line of the invention that expresses a human CFTR, one can expose the cells to a test compound to identify a compound that modulates CFTR activity (either increasing or decreasing) for use in the treatment of disease or condition characterized by undesired CFTR activity, or the decrease or absence of desired CFTR activity.

In certain embodiments, an assay for CFTR activity is performed using a cell or cell line expressing a CFTR mutant (see, e.g., Table 1 and Table 2), or a panel of mutants. In one embodiment, the panel also includes a cell or cell line that expresses wild type CFTR. In certain embodiments, a protein trafficking corrector is added to the assay. Such protein trafficking correctors include, but are not limited to: 1) Glycerol (see, e.g., Brown C R et al., Cell Stress and Chaperones (1996) v1(2):117-125); 2) DMSO (see, e.g., Brown C R et al., Cell Stress and Chaperones (1996) v1(2):117-125); 3) Deuterated water (D2O) (see, e.g., Brown C R et al., Cell Stress and Chaperones (1996) v1(2):117-125); 4) Methylamines such as Trimethylamine Oxide (TMAO) (see, e.g., Brown C R et al., Cell Stress and Chaperones (1996) v1(2):117-125); 5) Adamantyl sulfogalactosyl ceramide (adaSGC) (see, e.g., Park H J et al., Chemistry and Biology (2009) v16: 461-470); 6) Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (see, e.g., Journal of Biological Chemistry (1999) v112: 887-894); 7) Sodium Phenyl Butyrate (S-PBA) (see, e.g., Singh O V et al., Molecular and Cellular Proteomics (2008) v7:1099-1110); 8) VRT-325 (see, e.g., Wang Y et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry (2007) v282(46): 33247-33257); 9) VRT-422 (see, e.g., Van Goor F et al., American Journal of Physiology Lung Cell Molecular Physiology (2006) v290: L1117-1130); 10) Corrector 2b (see, e.g., Wang Y et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry (2007) v282(46): 33247-33257); 11) Corrector 3a (see, e.g., Wang Y et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry (2007) v282(46): 33247-33257); 12) Corrector 4a (see, e.g., Wang Y et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry (2007) v282(46): 33247-33257); 13) Curcumin (see, e.g., Robert R et al., Molecular Pharmacology (2008) v73: 478-489); 14) Sildenafil analog (KM11060) (see, Robert R et al., e.g., Molecular Pharmacology (2008) v73: 478-489); 15) Alanine, Glutamic Acid, Proline, GABA, Taruine, Sucrose, Trehalose, Myo-inositol, Arabitol, Mannitol, Mannose, Sucrose, Betaine, Glycerophosphorylcholine, Sarcosine (see, e.g., Welch W J et al., Cell Stress and Chaperones (1996) v1(2): 109-115); and 16) N-{2-[(2-methoxyphenyl)amino]-4′-methyl-4,5′-bi-1,3-thiazol-2′-yl}benzamide hydrobromide with the formula of

In certain embodiments, panels of cells or cell lines as described above can be used to test protein trafficking correctors. In certain embodiments, panels of cells or cell lines as described above can be used to screen for protein trafficking correctors.

In other embodiments, the assay of CFTR activity on a CFTR mutant is performed in the absence of a protein trafficking corrector. In some cases, the sensitivity of the CFTR activity assay is the same with or without the use of a protein trafficking corrector.

These and other embodiments of the invention may be further illustrated in the following non-limiting Examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Generating a Stable CFTR-Expressing Cell Line Generating Expression Constructs

Plasmid expression vectors that allowed streamlined cloning were generated based on pCMV-SCRIPT (Stratagene) and contained various necessary components for transcription and translation of a gene of interest, including: CMV and SV40 eukaryotic promoters; SV40 and HSV-TK polyadenylation sequences; multiple cloning sites; Kozak sequences; and drug resistance cassettes (i.e., puromycin). Ampicillin or neomycin resistance cassettes can also be used to substitute puromycin. A tag sequence (SEQ ID NO: 8) was then inserted into the multiple cloning site of the plasmid. A cDNA cassette encoding a human CFTR was then subcloned into the multiple cloning site upstream of the tag sequence, using Asc1 and Pac1 restriction endonucleases.

Generating Cell Lines Step 1: Transfection

CHO cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding a human CFTR (SEQ ID NO: 1) using standard techniques. (Examples of reagents that may be used to introduce nucleic acids into host cells include, but are not limited to, LIPOFECTAMINE™, LIPOFECTAMINE™ 2000, OLIGOFECTAMINE™, TFX™ reagents, FUGENE® 6, DOTAP/DOPE, Metafectine or FECTURIN™.)

Although drug selection is optional to produce the cells or cell lines of this invention, we included one drug resistance marker in the plasmid (i.e., puromycin). The CFTR sequence was under the control of the CMV promoter. An untranslated sequence encoding a Target Sequence for detection by a signaling probe was also present along with the sequence encoding the drug resistance marker. The target sequence utilized was Target Sequence 2 (SEQ ID NO: 8), and in this example, the CFTR gene-containing vector comprised Target Sequence 2 (SEQ ID NO: 8).

Step 2: Selection

Transfected cells were grown for 2 days in Ham's F12-FBS media (Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, Mo.) without antibiotics, followed by 10 days in 12.5 μg/ml puromycin-containing Ham's F12-FBS media. The cells were then transferred to Ham's F12-FBS media without antibiotics for the remainder of the time, prior to the addition of the signaling probe.

Step 3: Cell Passaging

Following enrichment on antibiotic, cells were passaged 5-14 times in the absence of antibiotic selection to allow time for expression that was not stable over the selected period of time to subside.

Step 4: Exposure of Cells to Fluorogenic Probes

Cells were harvested and transfected with Signaling Probe 2 (SEQ ID NO: 9) using standard techniques. (Examples of reagents that may be used to introduce nucleic acids into host cells include, but are not limited to, LIPOFECTAMINE™, LIPOFECTAMINE™ 2000, OLIGOFECTAMINE™, TFX™ reagents, FUGENE® 6, DOTAP/DOPE, Metafectine or FECTURIN™.) Signaling Probe 2 (SEQ ID NO: 9) bound Target Sequence 2 (SEQ ID NO: 8). The cells were then collected for analysis and sorted using a fluorescence activated cell sorter.

Target Sequence Detected by Signaling Probe

Target Sequence 2

(SEQ ID NO: 8) 5′-GAAGTTAACCCTGTCGTTCTGCGAC-3′

Signaling Probe

Signaling Probe 2 (supplied as 100 μM stock)

(SEQ ID NO: 9) 5′-CY5.5 GCGAGTCGCAGAACGACAGGGTTAACTTCCTCGC BHQ2-3′

BHQ2 in Signaling Probe 2 can be substituted with BHQ3 or a gold particle.

Target Sequence 2 and Signaling Probe 2 can be replaced by Target Sequence 1 and Signaling Probe 1, respectively.

Target Sequence 1

(SEQ ID NO: 3) 5′-GTTCTTAAGGCACAGGAACTGGGAC-3′

Signaling Probe 1 (supplied as 100 μM stock)

(SEQ ID NO: 6) 5′-Cy5 GCCAGTCCCAGTTCCTGTGCCTTAAGAACCTCGC BHQ2-3′

BHQ2 in Signaling Probe 1 can be substituted with BHQ3 or a gold particle.

In addition, a similar probe using a Quasar® Dye (BioSearch) with spectral properties similar to Cy5 is used in certain experiments against Target Sequence 1.

In some experiments, 5-MedC and 2-amino dA mixmers are used rather than DNA probes.

A non-targeting FAM labeled probe is also used as a loading control.

Step 5: Isolation of Positive Cells

The cells were dissociated and collected for analysis and sorting using a fluorescence activated cell sorter (Beckman Coulter, Miami, Fla.). Standard analytical methods were used to gate cells fluorescing above background and to isolate individual cells falling within the gate into bar-coded 96-well plates. The following gating hierarchy was used:

-   coincidence gate→singlets gate→live gate→Sort gate in plot FAM vs.     Cy5.5: 0.1-0.4% of cells according to standard procedures in the     field.     Step 6: Additional Cycles of Steps 1-5 and/or 3-5

Steps 1-5 and/or 3-5 were repeated to obtain a greater number of cells. Two rounds of steps 1-5 were performed, and for each of these rounds, two internal cycles of steps 3-5 were performed.

Step 7: Estimation of Growth Rates for the Populations of Cells

The plates were transferred to a Microlab Star (Hamilton Robotics). Cells were incubated for 9 days in 100 μl of 1:1 mix of fresh complete growth media and 2 to 3 day-conditioned growth media, supplemented with 100 units/ml penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin. Then the cells were dispersed by trypsinization once or twice to minimize clumps and later transferred to new 96-well plates. Plates were imaged to determine confluency of wells (Genetix). Each plate was focused for reliable image acquisition across the plate. Reported confluencies of greater than 70% were not relied upon. Confluency measurements were obtained on consecutive days between days 1 and 10 post-dispersal and used to calculate growth rates.

Step 8: Binning Populations of Cells According to Growth Rate Estimates

Cells were binned (independently grouped and plated as a cohort) according to growth rate less than two weeks following the dispersal step in step 7. Each of the three growth bins was separated into individual 96 well plates; some growth bins resulted in more than one 96 well plate. Bins were calculated by considering the spread of growth rates and bracketing a high percentage of the total number of populations of cells. Bins were calculated to capture 12-16 hour differences in growth rate.

Cells can have doubling times from less than 1 day to more than 2 week. In order to process the most diverse clones that at the same time can be reasonably binned according to growth rate, it may be preferable to use 3-9 bins with a 0.25 to 0.7 day difference among the bins. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the tightness of the bins and number of bins can be adjusted for the particular situation and that the tightness and number of bins can be further adjusted if cells are synchronized for their cell cycle.

Step 9: Replica Plating to Speed Parallel Processing and Provide Stringent Quality Control

The plates were incubated under standardized and fixed conditions (i.e., Ham's F12-FBS media, 37° C./5% CO2) without antibiotics. The plates of cells were split to produce 4 sets of 96 well plates (3 sets for freezing, 1 set for assay and passage). Distinct and independent tissue culture reagents, incubators, personnel, and carbon dioxide sources were used for each of the sets of the plates. Quality control steps were taken to ensure the proper production and quality of all tissue culture reagents: each component added to each bottle of media prepared for use was added by one designated person in one designated hood with only that reagent in the hood while a second designated person monitored to avoid mistakes. Conditions for liquid handling were set to eliminate cross contamination across wells. Fresh tips were used for all steps or stringent tip washing protocols were used. Liquid handling conditions were set for accurate volume transfer, efficient cell manipulation, washing cycles, pipetting speeds and locations, number of pipetting cycles for cell dispersal, and relative position of tip to plate.

Step 10: Freezing Early Passage Stocks of Populations of Cells

Three sets of plates were frozen at −70 to −80° C. Plates in the set were first allowed to attain confluencies of 70 to 100%. Medium was aspirated and 90% FBS and 10% DMSO was added. The plates were individually sealed with Parafilm, individually surrounded by 1 to 5 cm of foam, and then placed into a −80° C. freezer.

Step 11: Methods and Conditions for Initial Transformative Steps to Produce Viable, Stable and Functional (VSF) Cell Lines

The remaining set of plates was maintained as described in step 9. All cell splitting was performed using automated liquid handling steps, including media removal, cell washing, trypsin addition and incubation, quenching and cell dispersal steps.

Step 12: Normalization Methods to Correct Any Remaining Variability of Growth Rates

The consistency and standardization of cell and culture conditions for all populations of cells was controlled. Differences across plates due to slight differences in growth rates were controlled by normalization of cell numbers across plates and occurred every 8 passages after the rearray. Populations of cells that were outliers were detected and eliminated.

Step 13: Characterization of Population of Cells

The cells were maintained for 6 to 10 weeks post rearray in culture. During this time, we observed size, morphology, tendency towards microconfluency, fragility, response to trypsinization and average circularity post-trypsinization, or other aspects of cell maintenance such as adherence to culture plate surfaces and resistance to blow-off upon fluid addition as part of routine internal quality control to identify robust cells. Such benchmarked cells were then admitted for functional assessment.

Step 14: Assessment of Potential Functionality of Populations of Cells Under VSF Conditions

Populations of cells were tested using functional criteria. Membrane potential dye kits (Molecular Devices, MDS) were used according to manufacturer's instructions.

Cells were tested at varying densities in 384-well plates (i.e., 12.5×10³ to 20×10³ cells/per well) and responses were analyzed. Time between cell plating and assay read was tested. Dye concentration was also tested. Dose response curves and Z′ scores were both calculated as part of the assessment of potential functionality.

The following steps (i.e., steps 15-18) can also be conducted to select final and back-up viable, stable, and functional cell lines.

Step 15:

The functional responses from experiments performed at low and higher passage numbers are compared to identify cells with the most consistent responses over defined periods of time (e.g., 3-9 weeks). Other characteristics of the cells that change over time are also noted.

Step 16:

Populations of cells meeting functional and other criteria are further evaluated to determine those most amenable to production of viable, stable and functional cell lines. Selected populations of cells are expanded in larger tissue culture vessels and the characterization steps described above are continued or repeated under these conditions. At this point, additional standardization steps, such as different cell densities; time of plating, length of cell culture passage; cell culture dishes format and coating; fluidics optimization, including speed and shear force; time of passage; and washing steps, are introduced for consistent and reliable passages.

In addition, viability of cells at each passage is determined. Manual intervention is increased and cells are more closely observed and monitored. This information is used to help identify and select final cell lines that retain the desired properties. Final cell lines and back-up cell lines are selected that show appropriate adherence/stickiness, growth rate, and even plating (lack of microconfluency) when produced following this process and under these conditions.

Step 17: Establishment of Cell Banks

The low passage frozen stocks corresponding to the final cell line and back-up cell lines are thawed at 37° C., washed two times with Ham's F12-FBS and then incubated in Ham's F12-FBS. The cells are then expanded for a period of 2 to 4 weeks. Cell banks of clones for each final and back-up cell line are established, with 25 vials for each clonal cells being cryopreserved.

Step 18:

At least one vial from the cell bank is thawed and expanded in culture. The resulting cells are tested to determine if they meet the same characteristics for which they are originally selected.

Example 2 Characterizing Stable Cell Lines for Native CFTR Function

We used a high-throughput compatible fluorescence membrane potential assay to characterize native CFTR function in the produced stable CFTR-expressing cell lines.

CHO cell lines stably expressing CFTR were maintained under standard cell culture conditions in Ham's F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and glutamine. On the day before assay, the cells were harvested from stock plates and plated into black clear-bottom 384 well assay plates at a density that is sufficient to attain 90% confluency on the day of the assay. The assay plates were maintained in a 37° C. cell culture incubator under 5% CO₂ for 22-24 hours. The media was then removed from the assay plates and blue membrane potential dye (Molecular Devices Inc.) diluted in loading buffer (137 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) was added and allowed to incubate for 1 hour at 37° C. The assay plates were then loaded on a fluorescent plate reader (Hamamatsu FDSS) and a cocktail of forskolin and IBMX dissolved in compound buffer (137 mM sodium gluconate, 5 mM potassium gluconate, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) was added.

Representative data from the fluorescence membrane potential assay is presented in FIGS. 1A and 1B. The ion flux attributable to functional CFTR in stable CFTR-expressing CHO cell lines (cell line 1, M11, J5, E15, and O15) were all higher than control cells lacking CFTR as indicated by the assay response.

The ion flux attributable to functional CFTR in stable CFTR-expressing CHO cell lines (cell line 1, M11, J5, E15, and O15) were also all higher than transiently CFTR-transfected CHO cells (FIGS. 1A and 1B). The transiently CFTR-transfected cells were generated by plating CHO cells at 5-16 million per 10 cm tissue culture dish and incubating them for 18-20 hours before transfection. A transfection complex consisting of lipid transfection reagent and plasmids encoding CFTR was directly added to each dish. The cells were then incubated at 37° C. in a CO₂ incubator for 6-12 hours. After incubation, the cells were lifted, plated into black clear-bottom 384 well assay plates, and assayed for function using the above-described fluorescence membrane potential assay.

For forskolin dose-response experiments, cells of the produced stable CFTR-expressing cell lines, plated at a density of 15,000 cells/well in a 384-well plate were challenged with increasing concentration of forskolin, a known CFTR agonist. The cellular response as a function of changes in cell fluorescence was monitored over time by a fluorescent plate reader (Hamamatsu FDSS). Data were then plotted as a function of forskolin concentration and analyzed using non-linear regression analysis using GraphPad Prism 5.0 software, resulting in an EC₅₀ of 256 nM (FIG. 2). The produced CFTR-expressing cell line shows a EC₅₀ value of forskolin within the ranges of EC₅₀ of forskolin previously reported in other cell lines (between 250 and 500 nM) (Galietta et al., Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 281(5): C1734-1742 (2001)), indicating the potency of the clone.

Example 3 Determination of Z′ Value for CFTR Cell-Based Assay

Z′ value for the produced stable CFTR-expressing cell line was calculated using a high-throughput compatible fluorescence membrane potential assay. The fluorescence membrane potential assay protocol was performed substantially according to the protocol in Example 2. Specifically for the Z′ assay, 24 positive control wells in a 384-well assay plate (plated at a density of 15,000 cells/well) were challenged with a CFTR activating cocktail of forskolin and IBMX. An equal number of wells were challenged with vehicle alone and containing DMSO (in the absence of activators). Cell responses in the two conditions were monitored using a fluorescent plate reader (Hamamatsu FDSS). Mean and standard deviations in the two conditions were calculated and Z′ was computed using the method disclosed in Zhang et al., J Biomol Screen, 4(2): 67-73, (1999). The Z′ value of the produced stable CFTR-expressing cell line was determined to be higher than or equal to 0.82.

Example 4 High-Throughput Screening and Identification of CFTR Modulators

A high-throughput compatible fluorescence membrane potential assay is used to screen and identify CFTR modulator. On the day before assay, the cells are harvested from stock plates into growth media without antibiotics and plated into black clear-bottom 384 well assay plates. The assay plates are maintained in a 37° C. cell culture incubator under 5% CO₂ for 19-24 hours. The media is then removed from the assay plates and blue membrane potential dye (Molecular Devices Inc.) diluted in load buffer (137 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) is added and the cells are incubated for 1 hr at 37° C. Test compounds are solubilized in dimethylsulfoxide, diluted in assay buffer (137 mM sodium gluconate, 5 mM potassium gluconate, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) and then loaded into 384 well polypropylene micro-titer plates. The cell and compound plates are loaded into a fluorescent plate reader (Hamamatsu FDSS) and run for 3 minutes to identify test compound activity. The instrument adds a forskolin solution at a concentration of 300 nM-1 μM to the cells to allow either modulator or blocker activity of the previously added compounds to be observed. The activity of the compound is determined by measuring the change in fluorescence produced following the addition of the test compounds to the cells and/or following the subsequent agonist addition.

Example 5 Characterizing Stable CFTR-Expressing Cell Lines for Native CFTR Function Using Short-Circuit Current Measurements

Ussing chamber experiments are performed 7-14 days after plating CFTR-expressing cells (primary or immortalized epithelial cells including but not limited to lung and intestinal) on culture inserts (Snapwell, Corning Life Sciences). Cells on culture inserts are rinsed, mounted in an Ussing type apparatus (EasyMount Chamber System, Physiologic Instruments) and bathed with continuously gassed Ringer solution (5% CO₂ in O₂, pH 7.4) maintained at 37° C. containing 120 mM NaCl, 25 mM NaHCO₃, 3.3 mM KH₂PO₄, 0.8 mM K₂HPO₄, 1.2 mM CaCl₂, 1.2 mM MgCl₂, and 10 mM glucose. The hemichambers are connected to a multichannel voltage and current clamp (VCC-MC8 Physiologic Instruments). Electrodes [agar bridged (4% in 1 M KCl) Ag—AgCl] are used and the inserts are voltage clamped to 0 mV. Transepithelial current, voltage and resistance are measured every 10 seconds for the duration of the experiment. Membranes with a resistance of <200 mΩs are discarded.

Example 6 Characterizing Stable CFTR-Expressing Cell Lines for Native CFTR Function Using Electrophysiological Assay

While both manual and automated electrophysiology assays have been developed and both can be applied to assay the native CFTR function, described below is the protocol for manual patch clamp experiments.

Cells are seeded at loe densities and are used 2-4 days after plating. Borosilicate glass pipettes are fire-polished to obtain tip resistances of 2-4 mega Ω. Currents are sampled and low pass filtered. The extracellular (bath) solution contains: 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM glucose, 10 mM mannitol, and 10 mM TES, pH 7.4. The pipette solution contains: 120 mM CsCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM TEA-Cl, 0.5 mM EGTA, 1 mM Mg-ATP, and 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.3). Membrane conductances are monitored by alternating the membrane potential between −80 mV and −100 mV. Current-voltage relationships are generated by applying voltage pulses between −100 mV and +100 mV in 20-mV steps.

Example 7 Generating a Stable CFTR-ΔF508 Expressing Cell Line Generating Expression Constructs

Plasmid expression vectors that allowed streamlined cloning were generated based on pCMV-SCRIPT (Stratagene) and contained various necessary components for transcription and translation of a gene of interest, including: CMV and SV40 eukaryotic promoters; SV40 and HSV-TK polyadenylation sequences; multiple cloning sites; Kozak sequences; and drug resistance cassettes (i.e., puromycin). Ampicillin or neomycin resistance cassettes can also be used to substitute puromycin. A tag sequence (SEQ ID NO: 8) was then inserted into the multiple cloning site of the plasmid. A cDNA cassette encoding a human CFTR was then subcloned into the multiple cloning site upstream of the tag sequence, using Asc1 and Pac1 restriction endonucleases. A site-directed mutagenesis (Stratagene) was then used to delete a single phenylalanine amino-acid at position 508 to generate plasmid encoding human CFTR-ΔF508 (SEQ ID NO: 7). The above-described mutagenesis method is compatible with high-throughput generation of any number of various CFTR alleles (either currently known or as may become known in the future).

Generating Cell Lines Step 1: Transfection

CHO cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding a human CFTR-ΔF508 (SEQ ID NO: 7) using standard techniques. (Examples of reagents that may be used to introduce nucleic acids into host cells include, but are not limited to, LIPOFECTAMINE™, LIPOFECTAMINE™ 2000, OLIGOFECTAMINE™, TFX™ reagents, FUGENE® FUGENE 6, DOTAP/DOPE, Metafectine or FECTURIN™.)

Although drug selection is optional to produce the cells or cell lines of this invention, we included one drug resistance marker in the plasmid (i.e., puromycin). The CFTR-ΔF508 sequence was under the control of the CMV promoter. An untranslated sequence encoding a Target Sequence for detection by a signaling probe was also present along with the sequence encoding the drug resistance marker. The target sequence utilized was Target Sequence 2 (SEQ ID NO: 8), and in this example, the CFTR-ΔF508-containing vector comprised Target Sequence 2 (SEQ ID NO: 8).

Step 2: Selection

Transfected cells were grown for 2 days in Ham's F12-FBS media (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) without antibiotics, followed by 10 days in 12.5 μg/ml puromycin-containing Ham's F12-FBS media. The cells were then transferred to Ham's F12-FBS media without antibiotics for the remainder of the time, prior to the addition of the signaling probe.

Step 3: Cell Passaging

Following enrichment on antibiotic, cells were passaged 5-14 times in the absence of antibiotic selection to allow time for expression that was not stable over the selected period of time to subside.

Step 4: Exposure of Cells to Fluorogenic Probes

Cells were harvested and transfected with Signaling Probe 2 (SEQ ID NO: 9) using standard techniques. (Examples of reagents that may be used to introduce nucleic acids into host cells include, but are not limited to, LIPOFECTAMINE™, LIPOFECTAMINE™ 2000, OLIGOFECTAMINE™, TFX™ reagents, FUGENE® 6, DOTAP/DOPE, Metafectine or FECTURIN™.) Signaling Probe 2 (SEQ ID NO: 9) bound Target Sequence 2 (SEQ ID NO: 8). The cells were then collected for analysis and sorted using a fluorescence activated cell sorter.

Target Sequence Detected by Signaling Probe

Target Sequence 2

(SEQ ID NO: 8) 5′-GAAGTTAACCCTGTCGTTCTGCGAC-3′

Signaling Probe

Signaling Probe 2 (supplied as 100 μM stock)

(SEQ ID NO: 9) 5′-CY5.5 GCGAGTCGCAGAACGACAGGGTTAACTTCCTCGC BHQ2-3′

BHQ2 in Signaling Probe 2 can be substituted with BHQ3 or a gold particle.

Target Sequence 2 and Signaling Probe 2 can be replaced by Target Sequence 1 and Signaling Probe 1, respectively.

Target Sequence 1

(SEQ ID NO: 3) 5′-GTTCTTAAGGCACAGGAACTGGGAC-3′

Signaling Probe 1 (supplied as 100 μM stock)

(SEQ ID NO: 6) 5′-Cy5 GCCAGTCCCAGTTCCTGTGCCTTAAGAACCTCGC BHQ2-3′

BHQ2 in Signaling Probe 1 can be substituted with BHQ3 or a gold particle.

In addition, a similar probe using a Quasar® Dye (BioSearch) with spectral properties similar to Cy5 is used in certain experiments against Target Sequence 1.

In some experiments, 5-MedC and 2-amino dA mixmers are used rather than DNA probes.

A non-targeting FAM labeled probe is also used as a loading control.

Step 5: Isolation of Positive Cells

The cells were dissociated and collected for analysis and sorting using a fluorescence activated cell sorter (Beckman Coulter, Miami, Fla.). Standard analytical methods were used to gate cells fluorescing above background and to isolate individual cells falling within the gate into bar-coded 96-well plates. The following gating hierarchy was used:

-   coincidence gate→singlets gate→live gate→Sort gate in plot FAM vs.     Cy5.5: 0.1-0.5% of cells according to standard procedures in the     field.     Step 6: Additional Cycles of Steps 1-5 and/or 3-5

Steps 1-5 and/or 3-5 were repeated to obtain a greater number of cells. Two rounds of steps 1-5 were performed, and for each of these rounds, two internal cycles of steps 3-5 were performed.

Step 7: Estimation of Growth Rates for the Populations of Cells

The plates were transferred to a Microlab Star (Hamilton Robotics). Cells were incubated for 9 days in 100 μl of 1:1 mix of fresh complete growth media and 2 to 3 day-conditioned growth media, supplemented with 100 units/ml penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin. Then the cells were dispersed by trypsinization once or twice to minimize clumps and later transferred to new 96-well plates. Plates were imaged to determine confluency of wells (Genetix). Each plate was focused for reliable image acquisition across the plate. Reported confluencies of greater than 70% were not relied upon. Confluency measurements were obtained on consecutive days between days 1 and 10 post-dispersal and used to calculate growth rates.

Step 8: Binning Populations of Cells According to Growth Rate Estimates

Cells were binned (independently grouped and plated as a cohort) according to growth rate less than two weeks following the dispersal step in step 7. Each of the three growth bins was separated into individual 96 well plates; some growth bins resulted in more than one 96 well plate. Bins were calculated by considering the spread of growth rates and bracketing a high percentage of the total number of populations of cells. Bins were calculated to capture 12-16 hour differences in growth rate.

Cells can have doubling times from less than 1 day to more than 2 week. In order to process the most diverse clones that at the same time can be reasonably binned according to growth rate, it may be preferable to use 3-9 bins with a 0.25 to 0.7 day doubling time per bin. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the tightness of the bins and number of bins can be adjusted for the particular situation and that the tightness and number of bins can be further adjusted if cells are synchronized for their cell cycle.

Step 9: Replica Plating to Speed Parallel Processing and Provide Stringent Quality Control

The plates were incubated under standardized and fixed conditions (i.e., Ham's F12-FBS media, 37° C./5% CO2) without antibiotics. The plates of cells were split to produce 2 sets of 96 well plates (1 set for freezing, 1 set for assay and passage). Distinct and independent tissue culture reagents, incubators, personnel, and carbon dioxide sources were used for each of the sets of the plates. Quality control steps were taken to ensure the proper production and quality of all tissue culture reagents: each component added to each bottle of media prepared for use was added by one designated person in one designated hood with only that reagent in the hood while a second designated person monitored to avoid mistakes. Conditions for liquid handling were set to eliminate cross contamination across wells. Fresh tips were used for all steps or stringent tip washing protocols were used. Liquid handling conditions were set for accurate volume transfer, efficient cell manipulation, washing cycles, pipetting speeds and locations, number of pipetting cycles for cell dispersal, and relative position of tip to plate.

Step 10: Freezing Early Passage Stocks of Populations of Cells

One set of plate was frozen at −70 to −80° C. Plates were first allowed to attain confluencies of 70 to 100%. Medium was aspirated and 90% FBS and 10% DMSO was added. The plates were individually sealed with Parafilm, individually surrounded by 1 to 5 cm of foam, and then placed into a −80° C. freezer.

Step 11: Methods and Conditions for Initial Transformative Steps to Produce Viable, Stable and Functional (VSF) Cell Lines

The remaining set of plates was maintained as described in step 9. All cell splitting was performed using automated liquid handling steps, including media removal, cell washing, trypsin addition and incubation, quenching and cell dispersal steps.

Step 12: Normalization Methods to Correct Any Remaining Variability of Growth Rates

The consistency and standardization of cell and culture conditions for all populations of cells are controlled. Differences across plates due to slight differences in growth rates are controlled by normalization of cell numbers across plates and occurred every 8 passages after the re-array. Populations of cells that are outliers are detected and eliminated.

Step 13: Characterization of Population of Cells

The cells were maintained for 6 to 10 weeks post rearray in the culture. During this time, we observed size, morphology, tendency towards microconfluency, fragility, response to trypsinization and average circularity post-trypsinization, or other aspects of cell maintenance such as adherence to culture plate surfaces and resistance to blow-off upon fluid addition as part of routine internal quality control to identify robust cells. Such benchmarked cells were then admitted for functional assessment.

Step 14: Assessment of Potential Functionality of Populations of Cells Under VSF Conditions

Populations of cells were tested for receptor function using a high throughput compatible fluorescence based membrane potential dye kit (Molecular Devices, MDS) according to manufacturer's instructions.

Population of CHO cells stably expressing CFTR-ΔF508 were maintained under standard cell culture conditions in Ham's F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and glutamine. On the day before assay, the cells were harvested from stock plates. The cells were plated into black clear-bottom 384 well assay plates at a density that was sufficient to attain 90% confluency on the day of the assay, with or without a protein trafficking corrector, Chembridge compound #5932794 (Chembridge, San Diego, Calif.) (Yoo et al., (2008) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters; 18(8): 2610-2614). This compound is N-{2-[(2-methoxyphenyl)amino]-4′-methyl-4,5′-bi-1,3-thiazol-2′-yl}benzamide hydrobromide, and has the formula of

The assay plates were maintained in a 37° C. cell culture incubator under 5% CO₂ for 22-24 hours. The media was then removed from the assay plates and membrane potential dye diluted in loading buffer (137 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) (blue or AnaSpec, Molecular Devices Inc.) was added, with or without a quencher of the membrane potential dye, and was allowed to incubate for 1 hour at 37° C. The quencher can be any quencher well known in the art, e.g., Dipicrylamine (DPA), Acid Violet 17 (AV17), Diazine Black (DB), HLB30818, Trypan Blue, Bromophenol Blue, HLB30701, HLB30702, HLB30703, Nitrazine Yellow, Nitro Red, DABCYL (Molecular Probes), QSY (Molecular Probes), metal ion quenchers (e.g., Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺), and iodide ion.

The assay plates were then loaded on a fluorescent plate reader (Hamamatsu FDSS) and a cocktail of forskolin and IBMX dissolved in compound buffer (137 mM sodium gluconate, 5 mM potassium gluconate, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) was added.

Representative data from the fluorescence membrane potential assay are presented in FIGS. 3A-3F. The ion flux attributable to functional CFTR-ΔF508 in stable CFTR-ΔF508 expressing CHO cell lines were identified by comparing the receptor's response to forskolin (30 μM)+IBMX (100 μM) cocktail against DMSO+Buffer controls (FIGS. 3A-3F) either in the presence or absence of the protein trafficking corrector—Chembridge compound #5932794. FIGS. 3A and 3B show responding and non-responding (control) clones assayed using blue membrane potential dye in the presence of the protein trafficking corrector (15-25 μM); FIGS. 3C and 3D show responding and non-responding (control) clones assayed using AnaSpec membrane potential dye in the presence of the protein trafficking corrector (15-25 μM). FIGS. 3E and 3F show responding and non-responding (control) clones assayed using AnaSpec membrane potential dye in the absence of the protein trafficking corrector.

Cells will be tested at varying densities in 384-well plates (i.e., 12.5×10³ to 20×10³ cells/per well) and responses will be analyzed. Time between cell plating and assay read will be tested. Dye concentration will also be tested. Dose response curves and Z′ scores can be calculated as part of the assessment of potential functionality.

The following steps (i.e., steps 15-18) can also be conducted to select final and back-up viable, stable, and functional cell lines.

Step 15:

The functional responses from experiments performed at low and higher passage numbers are compared to identify cells with the most consistent responses, over defined periods of time (e.g., 3-9 weeks). Other characteristics of the cells that change over time are also noted.

Step 16:

Populations of cells meeting functional and other criteria will be further evaluated to determine those most amenable to production of viable, stable and functional cell lines. Selected populations of cells will be expanded in larger tissue culture vessels and the characterization steps described above will be continued or repeated under these conditions. At this point, additional standardization steps, such as different cell densities; time of plating, length of cell culture passage; cell culture dishes format—(note: not explored); fluidics optimization, including speed and shear force; time of passage; and washing steps, will be introduced for consistent and reliable passages.

In addition, viability of cells at each passage will be determined. Manual intervention will be increased and cells will be more closely observed and monitored. This information is used to help identify and select final cell lines that retain the desired properties. Final cell lines and back-up cell lines will be selected that show appropriate adherence/stickiness, growth rate, and even plating (lack of microconfluency) when produced following this process and under these conditions.

Step 17: Establishment of Cell Banks

The low passage frozen stocks corresponding to the final cell line and back-up cell lines will be thawed at 37° C., washed once with Ham's F12-FBS and then incubated in Ham's F12-FBS. The cells will be then expanded for a period of 2 to 4 weeks. Cell banks of clones for each final and back-up cell line will be established, with 25 vials for each clonal cells being cryopreserved.

Step 18:

At least one vial from the cell bank will be thawed and expanded in culture. The resulting cells will be tested to determine if they meet the same characteristics for which they are originally selected.

Example 8 Characterizing Stable Cell Lines for CFTR-ΔF508 Function

We will use a high-throughput compatible fluorescence membrane potential assay to characterize CFTR-ΔF508 function in the produced stable CFTR-ΔF508 expressing cell lines.

CHO cell lines stably expressing CFTR-ΔF508 will be maintained under standard cell culture conditions in Ham's F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and glutamine. On the day before assay, the cells will be harvested from stock plates and plated into black clear-bottom 384 well assay plates in the presence or absence of a protein trafficking corrector (e.g., Chembridge compound #5932794, N-{2-[(2-methoxyphenyl)amino]-4′-methyl-4,5′-bi-1,3-thiazol-2′-yl}benzamide hydrobromide). The assay plates will be maintained in a 37° C. cell culture incubator under 5% CO₂ for 22-24 hours. The media will be then removed from the assay plates and blue membrane potential dye (Molecular Devices Inc.) diluted in loading buffer (137 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) will be added and allowed to incubate for 1 hour at 37° C. The assay plates will be then loaded on a fluorescent plate reader (Hamamatsu FDSS) and a cocktail of forskolin and IBMX dissolved in compound buffer (137 mM sodium gluconate, 5 mM potassium gluconate, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) will be added. Stable cell-lines expressing CFTR-ΔF508 protein will be identified by measuring the change in fluorescence produced following the addition of the agonist cocktail.

Stable cell lines expressing the CFTR-ΔF508 protein will be then characterized with increasing doses of forskolin. For forskolin dose-response experiments, cells of the produced stable CFTR-ΔF508 expressing cell lines, plated at a density of 15,000 cells/well in a 384-well plate will be challenged with increasing concentrations of forskolin, a CFTR agonist. The cellular response as a function of changes in cell fluorescence will be monitored over time by a fluorescent plate reader (Hamamatsu FDSS). Data will be then plotted as a function of forskolin concentration and analyzed using non-linear regression analysis using GraphPad Prism 5.0 software to determine the EC50 value.

Example 9 Determination of Z′ Value for CFTR-ΔF508 Cell-Based Assay

Z′ value for the produced stable CFTR-ΔF508 expressing cell line will be calculated using a high-throughput compatible fluorescence membrane potential assay. The fluorescence membrane potential assay protocol will be performed substantially according to the protocol in Example 8. Specifically for the Z′ assay, 24 positive control wells in a 384-well assay plate (plated at a density of 15,000 cells/well) will be challenged with a CFTR activating cocktail of forskolin and IBMX. An equal number of wells will be challenged with vehicle alone and containing DMSO (in the absence of activators). The assay can be performed in the presence or absence of a protein trafficking corrector (e.g., Chembridge compound #5932794, N-{2-[(2-methoxyphenyl)amino]-4′-methyl-4,5′-bi-1,3-thiazol-2′-yl}benzamide hydrobromide). Cell responses in the two conditions will be monitored using a fluorescent plate reader (Hamamatsu FDSS). Mean and standard deviations in the two conditions will be calculated and Z′ was computed using the method disclosed in Zhang et al., J Biomol Screen, 4(2): 67-73 (1999).

Example 10 High-Throughput Screening and Identification of CFTR-ΔF508 Modulators

A high-throughput compatible fluorescence membrane potential assay will be used to screen and identify CFTR-ΔF508 modulator(s). Modulating compounds may either enhance protein trafficking to the cell surface or modulate CFTR-ΔF508 agonists (for example, Forskolin) by increasing or decreasing the agonist activity. On the day before assay, the cells will be harvested from stock plates into growth media without antibiotics and plated into black clear-bottom 384 well assay plates in the presence or absence of a protein trafficking corrector (e.g., Chembridge compound #5932794—N-{2-[(2-methoxyphenyl)amino]-4′-methyl-4,5′-bi-1,3-thiazol-2′-yl}benzamide hydrobromide). The assay plates will be maintained in a 37° C. cell culture incubator under 5% CO₂ for 19-24 hours. The media will be then removed from the assay plates and blue membrane potential dye (Molecular Devices Inc.) diluted in load buffer (137 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) will be added and the cells will be incubated for 1 hr at 37° C. Test compounds will be solubilized in dimethylsulfoxide, diluted in assay buffer (137 mM sodium gluconate, 5 mM potassium gluconate, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) and then loaded into 384 well polypropylene micro-titer plates. The cell and compound plates will be loaded into a fluorescent plate reader (Hamamatsu FDSS) and run for 3 minutes to identify test compound activity. The instrument will then add a forskolin solution at a concentration of 300 nM-1 μM to the cells to allow either modulator or blocker activity of the previously added compounds to be observed. The activity of the compound will be determined by measuring the change in fluorescence produced following the addition of the test compounds to the cells and/or following the subsequent agonist addition.

For identification of compounds that may promote cell surface trafficking of the CFTR-ΔF508 protein on the day before assay, the cells will be harvested from stock plates into growth media without antibiotics and plated into black clear-bottom 384 well assay plates in the presence of the test compounds for a period of 24 hours. Some wells in the 384 well plate will not receive any test compound as negative controls, while others wells in the 384 well plates will receive a protein trafficking corrector (e.g., Chembridge compound #5932794, N-{2-[(2-methoxyphenyl)amino]-4′-methyl-4,5′-bi-1,3-thiazol-2′-yl}benzamide hydrobromide) and serve as positive controls. The assay plates will be maintained in a 37° C. cell culture incubator under 5% CO₂ for 19-24 hours. The media will be then removed from the assay plates and blue membrane potential dye (Molecular Devices Inc.) diluted in load buffer (137 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) will be added and the cells will be incubated for 1 hr at 37° C. The assay plates will be then loaded on a fluorescent plate reader (Hamamatsu FDSS) and a cocktail of forskolin and IBMX dissolved in compound buffer (137 mM sodium gluconate, 5 mM potassium gluconate, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) will be added. The activity of the test compounds will be determined by measuring the change in fluorescence produced following the addition of the agonist cocktail (i.e. forskolin+IBMX).

Example 11 Characterizing Stable CFTR-ΔF508 Expressing Cell Lines for CFTR-ΔF508 Function Using Short-Circuit Current Measurements

Ussing chamber experiments will be performed 7-14 days after plating CFTR-ΔF508 expressing cells (e.g., primary or immortalized epithelial cells including but not limited to lung and intestinal cells) on culture inserts (Snapwell, Corning Life Sciences). Cells on culture inserts will be rinsed, mounted in an Ussing type apparatus (EasyMount Chamber System, Physiologic Instruments) and bathed with continuously gassed Ringer solution (5% CO₂ in O₂, pH 7.4) maintained at 37° C. containing 120 mM NaCl, 25 mM NaHCO₃, 3.3 mM KH₂PO₄, 0.8 mM K₂HPO₄, 1.2 mM CaCl₂, 1.2 mM MgCl₂, and 10 mM glucose. The hemichambers will be connected to a multichannel voltage and current clamp (VCC-MC8 Physiologic Instruments). Electrodes [agar bridged (4% in 1 M KCl) Ag—AgCl] will be used and the inserts will be voltage clamped to 0 mV. Transepithelial current, voltage, and resistance will be measured every 10 seconds for the duration of the experiment. Membranes with a resistance of <200 mΩs will be discarded.

Example 12 Characterizing Stable CFTR-ΔF508 Expressing Cell Lines for CFTR-ΔF508 Function Using Electrophysiological Assay

While both manual and automated electrophysiology assays have been developed and both can be applied to characterize stable CFTR-ΔF508 expressing cell lines for CFTR-ΔF508 function, described below is the protocol for manual patch clamp experiments.

Cells are seeded at low densities and are used 2-4 days after plating. Borosilicate glass pipettes are fire-polished to obtain tip resistances of 2-4 mega Ω. Currents will be sampled and low pass filtered. The extracellular (bath) solution will contain: 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM glucose, 10 mM mannitol, and 10 mM TES, pH 7.4. The pipette solution will contain: 120 mM CsCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM TEA-Cl, 0.5 mM EGTA, 1 mM Mg-ATP, and 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.3). Membrane conductances will be monitored by alternating the membrane potential between −80 mV and −100 mV. Current-voltage relationships will be generated by applying voltage pulses between −100 mV and +100 mV in 20-mV steps.

LISTING OF SEQUENCES Homo sapiens (H. s.) cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1): atgcagaggtcgcctctggaaaaggccagcgttgtctccaaactttttttcagctggaccagaccaattttgaggaaaggatacag acagcgcctggaattgtcagacatataccaaatcccttctgttgattctgctgacaatctatctgaaaaattggaaagagaatggga tagagagctggcttcaaagaaaaatcctaaactcattaatgcccttcggcgatgttttttctggagatttatgttctatggaatctttttat atttaggggaagtcaccaaagcagtacagcctctcttactgggaagaatcatagcttcctatgacccggataacaaggaggaac gctctatcgcgatttatctaggcataggcttatgccttctctttattgtgaggacactgctcctacacccagccatttttggccttcatca cattggaatgcagatgagaatagctatgtttagtttgatttataagaagactttaaagctgtcaagccgtgttctagataaaataagta ttggacaacttgttagtctcctttccaacaacctgaacaaatttgatgaaggacttgcattggcacatttcgtgtggatcgctcctttgc aagtggcactcctcatggggctaatctgggagttgttacaggcgtctgccttctgtggacttggtttcctgatagtccttgccctttttc aggctgggctagggagaatgatgatgaagtacagagatcagagagctgggaagatcagtgaaagacttgtgattacctcagaa atgattgaaaatatccaatctgttaaggcatactgctgggaagaagcaatggaaaaaatgattgaaaacttaagacaaacagaact gaaactgactcggaaggcagcctatgtgagatacttcaatagctcagccttcttcttctcagggttctttgtggtgtttttatctgtgctt ccctatgcactaatcaaaggaatcatcctccggaaaatattcaccaccatctcattctgcattgttctgcgcatggcggtcactcgg caatttccctgggctgtacaaacatggtatgactctcttggagcaataaacaaaatacaggatttcttacaaaagcaagaatataag acattggaatataacttaacgactacagaagtagtgatggagaatgtaacagccttctgggaggagggatttggggaattatttga gaaagcaaaacaaaacaataacaatagaaaaacttctaatggtgatgacagcctcttcttcagtaatttctcacttcttggtactcct gtcctgaaagatattaatttcaagatagaaagaggacagttgttggcggttgctggatccactggagcaggcaagacttcacttct aatggtgattatgggagaactggagccttcagagggtaaaattaagcacagtggaagaatttcattctgttctcagttttcctggatt atgcctggcaccattaaagaaaatatcatctttggtgtttcctatgatgaatatagatacagaagcgtcatcaaagcatgccaactag aagaggacatctccaagtttgcagagaaagacaatatagttcttggagaaggtggaatcacactgagtggaggtcaacgagcaa gaatttctttagcaagagcagtatacaaagatgctgatttgtatttattagactctccttttggatacctagatgttttaacagaaaaaga aatatttgaaagctgtgtctgtaaactgatggctaacaaaactaggattttggtcacttctaaaatggaacatttaaagaaagctgac aaaatattaattttgcatgaaggtagcagctatttttatgggacattttcagaactccaaaatctacagccagactttagctcaaaact catgggatgtgattctttcgaccaatttagtgcagaaagaagaaattcaatcctaactgagaccttacaccgtttctcattagaagga gatgctcctgtctcctggacagaaacaaaaaaacaatcttttaaacagactggagagtttggggaaaaaaggaagaattctattct caatccaatcaactctatacgaaaattttccattgtgcaaaagactcccttacaaatgaatggcatcgaagaggattctgatgagcc tttagagagaaggctgtccttagtaccagattctgagcagggagaggcgatactgcctcgcatcagcgtgatcagcactggccc cacgcttcaggcacgaaggaggcagtctgtcctgaacctgatgacacactcagttaaccaaggtcagaacattcaccgaaaga caacagcatccacacgaaaagtgtcactggcccctcaggcaaacttgactgaactggatatatattcaagaaggttatctcaaga aactggcttggaaataagtgaagaaattaacgaagaagacttaaaggagtgcttttttgatgatatggagagcataccagcagtga ctacatggaacacataccttcgatatattactgtccacaagagcttaatttttgtgctaatttggtgcttagtaatttttctggcagaggt ggctgcttctttggttgtgctgtggctccttggaaacactcctcttcaagacaaagggaatagtactcatagtagaaataacagctat gcagtgattatcaccagcaccagttcgtattatgtgttttacatttacgtgggagtagccgacactttgcttgctatgggattcttcaga ggtctaccactggtgcatactctaatcacagtgtcgaaaattttacaccacaaaatgttacattctgttcttcaagcacctatgtcaac cctcaacacgttgaaagcaggtgggattcttaatagattctccaaagatatagcaattttggatgaccttctgcctcttaccatatttg acttcatccagttgttattaattgtgattggagctatagcagttgtcgcagttttacaaccctacatctttgttgcaacagtgccagtgat agtggcttttattatgttgagagcatatttcctccaaacctcacagcaactcaaacaactggaatctgaaggcaggagtccaattttc actcatcttgttacaagcttaaaaggactatggacacttcgtgccttcggacggcagccttactttgaaactctgttccacaaagctc tgaatttacatactgccaactggttcttgtacctgtcaacactgcgctggttccaaatgagaatagaaatgatttttgtcatcttcttcat tgctgttaccttcatttccattttaacaacaggagaaggagaaggaagagttggtattatcctgactttagccatgaatatcatgagta cattgcagtgggctgtaaactccagcatagatgtggatagcttgatgcgatctgtgagccgagtctttaagttcattgacatgccaa cagaaggtaaacctaccaagtcaaccaaaccatacaagaatggccaactctcgaaagttatgattattgagaattcacacgtgaa gaaagatgacatctggccctcagggggccaaatgactgtcaaagatctcacagcaaaatacacagaaggtggaaatgccatatt agagaacatttccttctcaataagtcctggccagagggtgggcctcttgggaagaactggatcagggaagagtactttgttatcag cttttttgagactactgaacactgaaggagaaatccagatcgatggtgtgtcttgggattcaataactttgcaacagtggaggaaag cctttggagtgataccacagaaagtatttattttttctggaacatttagaaaaaacttggatccctatgaacagtggagtgatcaaga aatatggaaagttgcagatgaggttgggctcagatctgtgatagaacagtttcctgggaagcttgactttgtccttgtggatggggg ctgtgtcctaagccatggccacaagcagttgatgtgcttggctagatctgttctcagtaaggcgaagatcttgctgcttgatgaacc cagtgctcatttggatccagtaacataccaaataattagaagaactctaaaacaagcatttgctgattgcacagtaattctctgtgaa cacaggatagaagcaatgctggaatgccaacaatttttggtcatagaagagaacaaagtgcggcagtacgattccatccagaaa ctgctgaacgagaggagcctcttccggcaagccatcagcccctccgacagggtgaagctctttccccaccggaactcaagcaa gtgcaagtctaagccccagattgctgctctgaaagaggagacagaagaagaggtgcaagatacaaggctttga H. s. CFTR amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2): MQRSPLEKASVVSKLFFSWTRPILRKGYRQRLELSDIYQIPSVDSADNLSEKLERE WDRELASKKNPKLINALRRCFFWRFMFYGIFLYLGEVTKAVQPLLLGRIIASYDP DNKEERSIAIYLGIGLCLLFIVRTLLLHPAIFGLHHIGMQMRIAMFSLIYKKTLKLS SRVLDKISIGQLVSLLSNNLNKFDEGLALAHFVWIAPLQVALLMGLIWELLQASA FCGLGFLIVLALFQAGLGRMMMKYRDQRAGKISERLVITSEMIENIQSVKAYCW EEAMEKMIENLRQTELKLTRKAAYVRYFNSSAFFFSGFFVVFLSVLPYALIKGIIL RKIFTTISFCIVLRMAVTRQFPWAVQTWYDSLGAINKIQDFLQKQEYKTLEYNLT TTEVVMENVTAFWEEGFGELFEKAKQNNNNRKTSNGDDSLFFSNFSLLGTPVLK DINFKIERGQLLAVAGSTGAGKTSLLMVIMGELEPSEGKIKHSGRISFCSQFSWIM PGTIKENIIFGVSYDEYRYRSVIKACQLEEDISKFAEKDNIVLGEGGITLSGGQRAR ISLARAVYKDADLYLLDSPFGYLDVLTEKEIFESCVCKLMANKTRILVTSKMEHL KKADKILILHEGSSYFYGTFSELQNLQPDFSSKLMGCDSFDQFSAERRNSILTETL HRFSLEGDAPVSWTETKKQSFKQTGEFGEKRKNSILNPINSIRKFSIVQKTPLQMN GIEEDSDEPLERRLSLVPDSEQGEAILPRISVISTGPTLQARRRQSVLNLMTHSVNQ GQNIHRKTTASTRKVSLAPQANLTELDIYSRRLSQETGLEISEEINEEDLKECFFDD MESIPAVTTWNTYLRYITVHKSLIFVLIWCLVIFLAEVAASLVVLWLLGNTPLQD KGNSTHSRNNSYAVIITSTSSYYVFYIYVGVADTLLAMGFFRGLPLVHTLITVSKI LHHKMLHSVLQAPMSTLNTLKAGGILNRFSKDIAILDDLLPLTIFDFIQLLLIVIGAI AVVAVLQPYIFVATVPVIVAFIMLRAYFLQTSQQLKQLESEGRSPIFTHLVTSLKG LWTLRAFGRQPYFETLFHKALNLHTANWFLYLSTLRWFQMRIEMIFVIFFIAVTFI SILTTGEGEGRVGIILTLAMNIMSTLQWAVNSSIDVDSLMRSVSRVFKFIDMPTEG KPTKSTKPYKNGQLSKVMIIENSHVKKDDIWPSGGQMTVKDLTAKYTEGGNAIL ENISFSISPGQRVGLLGRTGSGKSTLLSAFLRLLNTEGEIQIDGVSWDSITLQQWRK AFGVIPQKVFIFSGTFRKNLDPYEQWSDQEIWKVADEVGLRSVIEQFPGKLDFVL VDGGCVLSHGHKQLMCLARSVLSKAKILLLDEPSAHLDPVTYQIIRRTLKQAFAD CTVILCEHRIEAMLECQQFLVIEENKVRQYDSIQKLLNERSLFRQAISPSDRVKLFP HRNSSKCKSKPQIAALKEETEEEVQDTRL Target Sequence 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3): 5′- GTTCTTAAGGCACAGGAACTGGGAC -3′ H. s. CFTR mutant (ΔF508) nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4): atgcagaggtcgcctctggaaaaggccagcgttgtctccaaactttttttcagctggaccagaccaattttgaggaaaggatacag acagcgcctggaattgtcagacatataccaaatcccttctgttgattctgctgacaatctatctgaaaaattggaaagagaatggga tagagagctggcttcaaagaaaaatcctaaactcattaatgcccttcggcgatgttttttctggagatttatgttctatggaatctttttat atttaggggaagtcaccaaagcagtacagcctctcttactgggaagaatcatagcttcctatgacccggataacaaggaggaac gctctatcgcgatttatctaggcataggcttatgccttctctttattgtgaggacactgctcctacacccagccatttttggccttcatca cattggaatgcagatgagaatagctatgtttagtttgatttataagaagactttaaagctgtcaagccgtgttctagataaaataagta ttggacaacttgttagtctcctttccaacaacctgaacaaatttgatgaaggacttgcattggcacatttcgtgtggatcgctcctttgc aagtggcactcctcatggggctaatctgggagttgttacaggcgtctgccttctgtggacttggtttcctgatagtccttgccctttttc aggctgggctagggagaatgatgatgaagtacagagatcagagagctgggaagatcagtgaaagacttgtgattacctcagaa atgattgaaaatatccaatctgttaaggcatactgctgggaagaagcaatggaaaaaatgattgaaaacttaagacaaacagaact gaaactgactcggaaggcagcctatgtgagatacttcaatagctcagccttcttcttctcagggttctttgtggtgtttttatctgtgctt ccctatgcactaatcaaaggaatcatcctccggaaaatattcaccaccatctcattctgcattgttctgcgcatggcggtcactcgg caatttccctgggctgtacaaacatggtatgactctcttggagcaataaacaaaatacaggatttcttacaaaagcaagaatataag acattggaatataacttaacgactacagaagtagtgatggagaatgtaacagccttctgggaggagggatttggggaattatttga gaaagcaaaacaaaacaataacaatagaaaaacttctaatggtgatgacagcctcttcttcagtaatttctcacttcttggtactcct gtcctgaaagatattaatttcaagatagaaagaggacagttgttggcggttgctggatccactggagcaggcaagacttcacttct aatggtgattatgggagaactggagccttcagagggtaaaattaagcacagtggaagaatttcattctgttctcagttttcctggatt atgcctggcaccattaaagaaaatatcatcggtgtttcctatgatgaatatagatacagaagcgtcatcaaagcatgccaactaga agaggacatctccaagtttgcagagaaagacaatatagttcttggagaaggtggaatcacactgagtggaggtcaacgagcaa gaatttctttagcaagagcagtatacaaagatgctgatttgtatttattagactctccttttggatacctagatgttttaacagaaaaaga aatatttgaaagctgtgtctgtaaactgatggctaacaaaactaggattttggtcacttctaaaatggaacatttaaagaaagctgac aaaatattaattttgcatgaaggtagcagctatttttatgggacattttcagaactccaaaatctacagccagactttagctcaaaact catgggatgtgattctttcgaccaatttagtgcagaaagaagaaattcaatcctaactgagaccttacaccgtttctcattagaagga gatgctcctgtctcctggacagaaacaaaaaaacaatcttttaaacagactggagagtttggggaaaaaaggaagaattctattct caatccaatcaactctatacgaaaattttccattgtgcaaaagactcccttacaaatgaatggcatcgaagaggattctgatgagcc tttagagagaaggctgtccttagtaccagattctgagcagggagaggcgatactgcctcgcatcagcgtgatcagcactggccc cacgcttcaggcacgaaggaggcagtctgtcctgaacctgatgacacactcagttaaccaaggtcagaacattcaccgaaaga caacagcatccacacgaaaagtgtcactggcccctcaggcaaacttgactgaactggatatatattcaagaaggttatctcaaga aactggcttggaaataagtgaagaaattaacgaagaagacttaaaggagtgcttttttgatgatatggagagcataccagcagtga ctacatggaacacataccttcgatatattactgtccacaagagcttaatttttgtgctaatttggtgcttagtaatttttctggcagaggt ggctgcttctttggttgtgctgtggctccttggaaacactcctcttcaagacaaagggaatagtactcatagtagaaataacagctat gcagtgattatcaccagcaccagttcgtattatgtgttttacatttacgtgggagtagccgacactttgcttgctatgggattcttcaga ggtctaccactggtgcatactctaatcacagtgtcgaaaattttacaccacaaaatgttacattctgttcttcaagcacctatgtcaac cctcaacacgttgaaagcaggtgggattcttaatagattctccaaagatatagcaattttggatgaccttctgcctcttaccatatttg acttcatccagttgttattaattgtgattggagctatagcagttgtcgcagttttacaaccctacatctttgttgcaacagtgccagtgat agtggcttttattatgttgagagcatatttcctccaaacctcacagcaactcaaacaactggaatctgaaggcaggagtccaattttc actcatcttgttacaagcttaaaaggactatggacacttcgtgccttcggacggcagccttactttgaaactctgttccacaaagctc tgaatttacatactgccaactggttcttgtacctgtcaacactgcgctggttccaaatgagaatagaaatgatttttgtcatcttcttcat tgctgttaccttcatttccattttaacaacaggagaaggagaaggaagagttggtattatcctgactttagccatgaatatcatgagta cattgcagtgggctgtaaactccagcatagatgtggatagcttgatgcgatctgtgagccgagtctttaagttcattgacatgccaa cagaaggtaaacctaccaagtcaaccaaaccatacaagaatggccaactctcgaaagttatgattattgagaattcacacgtgaa gaaagatgacatctggccctcagggggccaaatgactgtcaaagatctcacagcaaaatacacagaaggtggaaatgccatatt agagaacatttccttctcaataagtcctggccagagggtgggcctcttgggaagaactggatcagggaagagtactttgttatcag cttttttgagactactgaacactgaaggagaaatccagatcgatggtgtgtcttgggattcaataactttgcaacagtggaggaaag cctttggagtgataccacagaaagtatttattttttctggaacatttagaaaaaacttggatccctatgaacagtggagtgatcaaga aatatggaaagttgcagatgaggttgggctcagatctgtgatagaacagtttcctgggaagcttgactttgtccttgtggatggggg ctgtgtcctaagccatggccacaagcagttgatgtgcttggctagatctgttctcagtaaggcgaagatcttgctgcttgatgaacc cagtgctcatttggatccagtaacataccaaataattagaagaactctaaaacaagcatttgctgattgcacagtaattctctgtgaa cacaggatagaagcaatgctggaatgccaacaatttttggtcatagaagagaacaaagtgcggcagtacgattccatccagaaa ctgctgaacgagaggagcctcttccggcaagccatcagcccctccgacagggtgaagctctttccccaccggaactcaagcaa gtgcaagtctaagccccagattgctgctctgaaagaggagacagaagaagaggtgcaagatacaaggctttga YFP mutant (meYFP- H148Q/I152L) nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5): atggtgagcaagggcgaggagctgttcaccggggtggtgcccatcctggtcgagctggacggcgacgtaaacggccacaag ttcagcgtgtccggcgagggcgagggcgatgccacctacggcaagctgaccctgaagttcatctgcaccaccggcaagctgc ccgtgccctggcccaccctcgtgaccaccttcggctacggcctgcagtgcttcgcccgctaccccgaccacatgaagcagcac gacttcttcaagtccgccatgcccgaaggctacgtccaggagcgcaccatcttcttcaaggacgacggcaactacaagacccg cgccgaggtgaagttcgagggcgacaccctggtgaaccgcatcgagctgaagggcatcgacttcaaggaggacggcaacat cctggggcacaagctggagtacaactacaacagccaaaacgtctatctcatggccgacaagcagaagaacggcatcaaggtg aacttcaagatccgccacaacatcgaggacggcagcgtgcagctcgccgaccactaccagcagaacacccccatcggcgac ggccccgtgctgctgcccgacaaccactacctgagctaccagtccgccctgagcaaagaccccaacgagaagcgcgatcaca tggtcctgctggagttcgtgaccgccgccgggatcactctcggcatggacgagctgtacaagtaa Signaling Probe 1 (SEQ ID NO: 6): 5′- Cy5 GCCAGTCCCAGTTCCTGTGCCTTAAGAACCTCGC BHQ2 -3′ H. s. CFTR mutant (ΔF508) amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7): MQRSPLEKASVVSKLFFSWTRPILRKGYRQRLELSDIYQIPSVDSADNLSEKLERE WDRELASKKNPKLINALRRCFFWRFMFYGIFLYLGEVTKAVQPLLLGRIIASYDP DNKEERSIAIYLGIGLCLLFIVRTLLLHPAIFGLHHIGMQMRIAMFSLIYKKTLKLS SRVLDKISIGQLVSLLSNNLNKFDEGLALAHFVWIAPLQVALLMGLIWELLQASA FCGLGFLIVLALFQAGLGRMMMKYRDQRAGKISERLVITSEMIENIQSVKAYCW EEAMEKMIENLRQTELKLTRKAAYVRYFNSSAFFFSGFFVVFLSVLPYALIKGIIL RKIFTTISFCIVLRMAVTRQFPWAVQTWYDSLGAINKIQDFLQKQEYKTLEYNLT TTEVVMENVTAFWEEGFGELFEKAKQNNNNRKTSNGDDSLFFSNFSLLGTPVLK DINFKIERGQLLAVAGSTGAGKTSLLMVIMGELEPSEGKIKHSGRISFCSQFSWIM PGTIKENIIGVSYDEYRYRSVIKACQLEEDISKFAEKDNIVLGEGGITLSGGQRARI SLARAVYKDADLYLLDSPFGYLDVLTEKEIFESCVCKLMANKTRILVTSKMEHL KKADKILILHEGSSYFYGTFSELQNLQPDFSSKLMGCDSFDQFSAERRNSILTETL HRFSLEGDAPVSWTETKKQSFKQTGEFGEKRKNSILNPINSIRKFSIVQKTPLQMN GIEEDSDEPLERRLSLVPDSEQGEAILPRISVISTGPTLQARRRQSVLNLMTHSVNQ GQNIHRKTTASTRKVSLAPQANLTELDIYSRRLSQETGLEISEEINEEDLKECFFDD MESIPAVTTWNTYLRYITVHKSLIFVLIWCLVIFLAEVAASLVVLWLLGNTPLQD KGNSTHSRNNSYAVIITSTSSYYVFYIYVGVADTLLAMGFFRGLPLVHTLITVSKI LHHKMLHSVLQAPMSTLNTLKAGGILNRFSKDIAILDDLLPLTIFDFIQLLLIVIGAI AVVAVLQPYIFVATVPVIVAFIMLRAYFLQTSQQLKQLESEGRSPIFTHLVTSLKG LWTLRAFGRQPYFETLFHKALNLHTANWFLYLSTLRWFQMRIEMIFVIFFIAVTFI SILTTGEGEGRVGIILTLAMNIMSTLQWAVNSSIDVDSLMRSVSRVFKFIDMPTEG KPTKSTKPYKNGQLSKVMIIENSHVKKDDIWPSGGQMTVKDLTAKYTEGGNAIL ENISFSISPGQRVGLLGRTGSGKSTLLSAFLRLLNTEGEIQIDGVSWDSITLQQWRK AFGVIPQKVFIFSGTFRKNLDPYEQWSDQEIWKVADEVGLRSVIEQFPGKLDFVL VDGGCVLSHGHKQLMCLARSVLSKAKILLLDEPSAHLDPVTYQIIRRTLKQAFAD CTVILCEHRIEAMLECQQFLVIEENKVRQYDSIQKLLNERSLFRQAISPSDRVKLFP HRNSSKCKSKPQIAALKEETEEEVQDTRL Target Sequence 2 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 5′- GAAGTTAACCCTGTCGTTCTGCGAC -3′ Signaling Probe 2 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 5′- CY5.5 GCGAGTCGCAGAACGACAGGGTTAACTTCCTCGC BHQ2 -3′ 

1. A cell or cell line engineered to stably express cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). 2-3. (canceled)
 4. The cell or cell line of claim 1, which a) is eukaryotic; b) is mammalian; c) does not express endogenous CFTR; or d) is any combination of (a), (b) and (c). 5-7. (canceled)
 8. The cell or cell line of claim 1, which produces a Z′ value of at least 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, or 0.85 in an assay.
 9. The cell or cell line of claim 1, which is grown or maintained in the absence of selective pressure.
 10. The cell or cell line of claim 1, wherein an auto-fluorescent protein is not expressed or wherein the CFTR does not comprise any polypeptide tag. 11-14. (canceled)
 15. The cell or cell line of claim 1, wherein the CFTR is selected from the group consisting of: a) a CFTR polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2; b) a CFTR polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2; c) a CFTR polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid that hybridizes under stringent condition to SEQ ID NO: 1; and d) a CFTR polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid that is an allelic variant of SEQ ID NO: 1; e) a CFTR polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and f) a CFTR polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:
 4. 16. (canceled)
 17. The cell or cell line of claim 1, wherein the CFTR is encoded by a nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of: a) a nucleic acid comprising the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1; b) a nucleic acid that hybridizes to a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 under stringent conditions; c) a nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; d) a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1; e) a nucleic acid that is an allelic variant of SEQ ID NO: 1; (f) a nucleic acid comprising the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4; and (g) a nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 7. 18. (canceled)
 19. A collection of the cell or cell line of claim 1, wherein the cells or cell lines in the collection express different forms of CFTR.
 20. (canceled)
 21. The collection of claim 19, wherein the cells or cell lines are matched to share the same physiological property to allow parallel processing. 22-26. (canceled)
 27. A method for producing the cell or cell line of claim 1, comprising the steps of: a) introducing into host cells a nucleic acid encoding CFTR or introducing into host cells one or more nucleic acid sequences that activate expression of endogenous CFTR; b) introducing into the host cells a molecular beacon that detects the expression of CFTR or the activated CFTR; and c) isolating a cell that expresses CFTR or the activated CFTR. 28-29. (canceled)
 30. The method of claim 27, wherein the host cells: a) are eukaryotic cells; b) are mammalian cells; c) do not express endogenous CFTR endogenously; or d) are any combination of (a), (b) and (c).
 31. The method of claim 27, wherein the CFTR comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO:
 7. 32. The method of claim 27, where in the CFTR is encoded by a nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of: a) a nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: 1; b) a nucleic acid that hybridizes to a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 under stringent conditions; c) a nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; d) a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1; e) a nucleic acid that is an allelic variant of SEQ ID NO: 1; and f) a nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO:
 4. 33-35. (canceled)
 36. The method of claim 27, wherein the cells or cell lines of the collection are produced in parallel.
 37. (canceled)
 38. A method for identifying a modulator of a CFTR function comprising the steps of a) exposing the cell or cell line of claim 1 or the collection of claim 19 to a test compound; and b) detecting in a cell a change in a CFTR function, wherein a change indicates that the test compound is a CFTR modulator. 39-40. (canceled)
 41. The method of claim 38, wherein the CFTR is: a) a CFTR mutant selected from Table 1 or Table 2; b) the CFTR encoded by a nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: 4; or c) the CFTR polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 7. 42-43. (canceled)
 44. The method of claim 38, wherein the test compound is in a library of small molecules, chemical moieties, polypeptides, antibodies or antibody fragments. 45-46. (canceled)
 47. A cell engineered to stably express CFTR at a consistent level over time, the cell made by a method comprising the steps of: a) providing a plurality of cells that express mRNA(s) encoding the CFTR; b) dispersing the cells individually into individual culture vessels, thereby providing a plurality of separate cell cultures; c) culturing the cells under a set of desired culture conditions using automated cell culture methods characterized in that the conditions are substantially identical for each of the separate cell cultures, during which culturing the number of cells per separate cell culture is normalized, and wherein the separate cultures are passaged on the same schedule; d) assaying the separate cell cultures to measure expression of the CFTR at least twice; and e) identifying a separate cell culture that expresses the CFTR at a consistent level in both assays, thereby obtaining said cell.
 48. A method for isolating a cell that endogenously expresses CFTR comprising: a) providing a population of cells; b) introducing into the cells a molecular beacon that detects expression of CFTR; and c) isolating cells that express CFTR.
 49. (canceled)
 50. A method for increasing the expression level of a CFTR on the plasma membrane of a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a compound of the formula:

N-{2-[(2-methoxyphenyl)amino]-4′-methyl-4,5′-bi-1,3-thiazol-2′-yl}benzamide hydrobromide. 